{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:09:44Z","timestamp":1770228584592,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["KMU-TC111A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A01"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["KMUTC111IFSP01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUTC111IFSP01"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["KMU-TC111A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A01"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["KMUTC111IFSP01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUTC111IFSP01"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["KMU-TC111A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A01"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["KMUTC111IFSP01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUTC111IFSP01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis results in reduced bone strength and an elevated risk of fractures. Both overweight and underweight have been associated with osteoporosis; however, few studies have examined associations between osteoporosis and indices related to obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of obesity-related indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist\u2013hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body roundness index (BRI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and visceral adiposity index (VAI), with baseline and change in calcaneus ultrasound T-score between baseline and follow-up (\u0394T-score). T-score was measured using ultrasound. A total of 26,983 subjects were enrolled (mean age 51.2 \u00b1 10.4 years). Multivariable analysis showed significant associations between low BMI (per 1 kg\/m2; \u03b2, 0.065), WHR (per 1%; \u03b2, 0.012), WHtR (per 1%; \u03b2, 0.024), BRI (per 1; \u03b2, 0.079), BAI (per 1; \u03b2, 0.032), AVI (per 1; \u03b2, 0.049), and LAP (per 1; \u03b2, 0.005) with low baseline T-scores (all p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, there were significant associations between low BMI (per 1 kg\/m2; \u03b2, 0.005; p = 0.036), BAI (per 1; \u03b2, 0.010; p &lt; 0.001), and VAI (per 1; \u03b2, 0.017; p = 0.002) with low \u0394T-scores. A low baseline T-score was significantly associated with low values of LAP, AVI, BAI, BMI, BRI, WHR, and WHtR but not VAI. In addition, low BMI, BAI, and VAI were significantly associated with low \u0394T-scores, representing a rapidly decreasing T-score. Consequently, avoiding being underweight may help prevent osteoporosis in the Taiwanese population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T04:22:16Z","timestamp":1674620536000},"page":"605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low Obesity-Related Indices Are Associated with a Low Baseline Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score, and a Rapid Decline in T-Score in a Large Taiwanese Population Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6915-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hsueh","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Chia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0247-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho-Ming","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S138000","article-title":"A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Pouresmaeili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. 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