{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:07:03Z","timestamp":1787162823647,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["848261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["848261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNP-182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNP-182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge on the role of diet in tinnitus onset is mostly based on few cross-sectional studies. In 2016\u20132019 we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in northern Italy on 185 incident idiopathic tinnitus cases and 198 controls, providing data on dietary habits through a 37-item food-frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) for tinnitus risk were derived through unconditional multiple logistic regression models. Moderate-to-high vs. low intake of caffeine (OR, 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.24\u20130.99) and butter (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.23\u20130.93), and high vs. low intake of poultry (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23\u20130.81), prosciutto (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23\u20130.85), and legumes (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28\u20130.92) were inversely associated with tinnitus onset. Other food items, including cereals, red meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit did not show any statistically significant relationship. The variety of food consumed decreased the risk of tinnitus (OR for at least 20 vs. less than 16 different food items, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24\u20130.90). Our findings highlight the importance of diet in tinnitus onset and confirm a potential inverse association of protein-rich food and caffeine on the incidence of tinnitus. Confirmation of our findings in longitudinal studies is necessary before proving any diet recommendations for tinnitus prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1674700171000},"page":"621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Role of Diet in Tinnitus Onset: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study from Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9963-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta Micaela","family":"Jarach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4297-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Garavello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet A.","family":"van den Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"CAPHRI\u2014School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5657-9774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Odone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Cederroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Ropewalk House, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Hearing Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvano","family":"Gallus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70160-1","article-title":"Tinnitus: Causes and clinical management","volume":"12","author":"Langguth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2189","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Jarach","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, R., Genitsaridi, E., Trpchevska, N., Lugo, A., Schlee, W., Cederroth, C.R., Gallus, S., and Hall, D. 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