{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:57:21Z","timestamp":1785585441514,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institutional University Cooperation Program with Moulay Ismail University","award":["MA2017IUC038A104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MA2017IUC038A104"]}]},{"name":"VLIR-UOS","award":["MA2017IUC038A104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MA2017IUC038A104"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project \u201cSEBIO\u201d","award":["MA2017IUC038A104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MA2017IUC038A104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sunlight exposure is an essential source of vitamin D for many humans. However, hypovitaminosis D is a global public health problem. This study aimed to develop and validate a sun exposure score (SES) and correlate it with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in women of childbearing age. One hundred and sixty women aged 18 to 45 years residing in Meknes, Morocco, were included. A questionnaire estimating the sun exposure score and blood analysis of serum 25-OHD concentration were performed. The questionnaire\u2019s reliability and construct validity were evaluated using Cronbach\u2019s alpha and factor analysis. Spearman\u2019s test was used to assess the correlation between SES and 25-OHD levels. The score\u2019s reliability and construct validity were good, with Cronbach\u2019s alpha values &gt;0.70 and factorial saturation ranging from 0.696 to 0.948. Serum 25-OHD levels were significantly associated with the total sun exposure score, and all SES domains (Rho was 0.615 (p &lt; 0.0001), 0.307 (p &lt; 0.0001), 0.605 (p &lt; 0.0001), and 0.424 (p &lt; 0.0001) for total SES, indoor exposure domain, outdoor exposure domain, and sun protection practice domain, respectively). In addition, median 25-OHD levels increased significantly when sun exposure was changed from insufficient to sufficient (p &lt; 0.0001). The results suggest that the sun exposure score could be used as a clinical tool to assess vitamin D levels in women of childbearing age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T09:18:21Z","timestamp":1675070301000},"page":"688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sun Exposure Score and Vitamin D Levels in Moroccan Women of Childbearing Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ilham","family":"Lhilali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Zouine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziza","family":"Menouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"},{"name":"Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lode","family":"Godderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Kestemont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistic Unit, Louvain School of Management, University Catholique of Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"El Midaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia 52000, Morocco"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"El Jaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younes","family":"Filali-Zegzouti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"},{"name":"BASE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-009-0593-9","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Vitamin D, Calcium and the Prevention of Breast Cancer","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. 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