{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:26:58Z","timestamp":1790980018921,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: All epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among the Polish general population. Since vitamin D deficiency was shown to be among the risk factors for many diseases and for all-cause mortality, concern about this problem led us to update the previous Polish recommendations. Methods: After reviewing the epidemiological evidence, case-control studies and randomized control trials (RCTs), a Polish multidisciplinary group formulated questions on the recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency both for the general population and for the risk groups of patients. The scientific evidence of pleiotropic effects of vitamin D as well as the results of panelists\u2019 voting were reviewed and discussed. Thirty-four authors representing different areas of expertise prepared position statements. The consensus group, representing eight Polish\/international medical societies and eight national specialist consultants, prepared the final Polish recommendations. Results: Based on networking discussions, the ranges of total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration indicating vitamin D deficiency [&lt;20 ng\/mL (&lt;50 nmol\/L)], suboptimal status [20\u201330 ng\/mL (50\u201375 nmol\/L)], and optimal concentration [30\u201350 ng\/mL (75\u2013125 nmol\/L)] were confirmed. Practical guidelines for cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) as the first choice for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency were developed. Calcifediol dosing as the second choice for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency was introduced. Conclusions: Improving the vitamin D status of the general population and treatment of risk groups of patients must be again announced as healthcare policy to reduce a risk of spectrum of diseases. This paper offers consensus statements on prophylaxis and treatment strategies for vitamin D deficiency in Poland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T10:19:28Z","timestamp":1675073968000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":281,"title":["Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"P\u0142udowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Kos-Kud\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, and the Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-952 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieczys\u0142aw","family":"Walczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9675-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Fal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy, Lung Diseases and Internal Medicine of the Central Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Interior, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2995-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Zozuli\u0144ska-Zi\u00f3\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Poznan, 60-834 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Sieroszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fetal Medicine and Gynecology, Medical University of \u0141odz, 90-419 \u0141odz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Peregud-Pogorzelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Pediatric Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1431-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"Lauterbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Targowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Lewi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of \u0141odz, 93-338 \u0141odz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4306-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Spaczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Pastelova, 60-198 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Wielgo\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Pinkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Jackowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Helwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Rucha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Poznan, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Zygmunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of \u0141odz, 93-338 \u0141odz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieczys\u0142aw","family":"Szalecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland, and the Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6316-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Bossowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7563-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Czech-Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Pyr\u017cak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2206-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142 A.","family":"\u017bmijewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6150-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Abramowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Konstantynowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Marcinowska-Suchowierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, and the Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Public Health, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-673 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0285-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrius","family":"Bleizgys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Diseases, Family Medicine and Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4225-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spirydon N.","family":"Karras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA 94164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2633-0684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Carlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Holick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar","family":"Misiorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"533","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin D concentration in a population of young, healthy women\u2014The effects of vitamin D supplementation","volume":"68","author":"Sewerynek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589587","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/589587","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Central Europe","volume":"2014","author":"Pludowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"530","article-title":"Vitamin D status in Poland","volume":"126","author":"Ducki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1756-4","article-title":"Evidence of a significant vitamin D deficiency among 9\u201313-year-old Polish Karczmarewicz E, Czekuc-Kryskiewicz E, Dobrzanska A. Impact of vitamin D supplementation children: Results of a multicentre study","volume":"58","author":"Konstantynowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czech-Kowalska, J., Latka-Grot, J., Bulsiewicz, D., Jaworski, M., Pludowski, P., Wygledowska, G., Chazan, B., Pawlus, B., Zochowska, A., and Borszewska-Kornacka, M.K. (2014). Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation during Lactation on Vitamin D Status and Body Composition of Mother-Infant Pairs: A MAVID Randomized Controlled Trial during lactation on vitamin D status and body composition of mother-infant pairs: A MAVID randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107708"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-3324","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Increases Mortality Risk in the UK Biobank: A Nonlinear Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"175","author":"Sutherland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W.B., Boucher, B.J., Al Anouti, F., and Pilz, S. (2022). Comparing the Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials for Nonskeletal Health Effects of Vitamin D. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183811"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00051-6","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality\u2014A review of recent evidence","volume":"12","author":"Pludowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30265-1","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis","volume":"6","author":"Bolland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11889","article-title":"Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Volumetric Bone Density and Bone Strength","volume":"322","author":"Burt","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3225","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3225","article-title":"Assessment of the genetic and clinical determinants of fracture risk: Genome wide association and mendelian randomisation study","volume":"362","author":"Trajanoska","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30103-1","article-title":"Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on falls and non-vertebral fractures: Secondary and post-hoc outcomes from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ViDA trial","volume":"5","author":"Khaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900906","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Pittas","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"149","article-title":"Prophylaxis of vitamin D deficiency\u2014Polish recommendation 2009","volume":"81","author":"Charzewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2013.0012","article-title":"Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe\u2014Recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"64","author":"Karczmarewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00246","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Guidelines for General Population and Groups at Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Poland\u2014Recommendations of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Expert Panel with Participation of National Specialist Consultants and Representatives of Scientific Societies\u20142018 Update","volume":"9","author":"Walczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleizgys, A. (2021). Vitamin D Dosing: Basic Principles and a Brief Algorithm (2021 Update). Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124415"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4677","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines from the Fifth International Workshop","volume":"37","author":"Bilezikian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.003","article-title":"Seasonal variations of U.S. mortality rates: Roles of solar ultraviolet-B doses, vitamin D, gene exp ression, and infections","volume":"173","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W.B., and Boucher, B.J. (2022). An Exploration of How Solar Radiation Affects the Seasonal Variation of Human Mortality Rates and the Seasonal Variation in Some Other Common Disorders. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122519"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2050482","article-title":"The Relationship between Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Vitamin D Status","volume":"2","author":"Engelsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.860","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: Nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors","volume":"85","author":"Power","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010002454","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: Results from the EPIC-Oxford study","volume":"14","author":"Crowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroll, M.H., Bi, C., Garber, C.C., Kaufman, H.W., Liu, D., Caston-Balderrama, A., Zhang, K., Clarke, N., Xie, M., and Reitz, R.E. (2015). Temporal Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Parathyroid Hormone in the United States. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118108"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"30","article-title":"Widespread vitamin D deficiency among adults from northern Poland (54\u00b0N) after months of low and high natural UVB radiation","volume":"66","author":"Sworczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz087","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz087","article-title":"The Role of Skeletal Muscle in Maintaining Vitamin D Status in Winter","volume":"3","author":"Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rybchyn, M.S., Abboud, M., Puglisi, D.A., Gordon-Thomson, C., Brennan-Speranza, T.C., Mason, R.S., and Fraser, D.R. (2020). Skeletal Muscle and the Maintenance of Vitamin D Status. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202008.0685.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14147","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor(s): In the nucleus but also at membranes?","volume":"29","author":"Zmijewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53864-1","article-title":"Disassociation of Vitamin D\u2019s Calcemic Activity and Non-Calcemic Genomic Activity and Individual Responsiveness: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Shirvani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70165-7","article-title":"Vitamin D status and ill health: A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Autier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2018.0065","article-title":"Vitamin D status including 3-epi-25(OH)D3 among adult patients with thyroid disorders during summer months","volume":"69","author":"Minkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00109","article-title":"Effectiveness of Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency Screening and Treatment Program: A Stratified Randomized Field Trial","volume":"103","author":"Rostami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12090","article-title":"Guidelines for optimizing design and analysis of clinical studies of nutrient effects","volume":"72","author":"Heaney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-020-01261-2","article-title":"Lower vitamin D status may help explain why black women have a higher risk of invasive breast cancer than white women","volume":"22","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, A., and Grant, W.B. (2022). Vitamin D and Cancer: An Historical Overview of the Epidemiology and Mechanisms. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071448"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hypp\u00f6nen, E., Vimaleswaran, K.S., and Zhou, A. (2022). Genetic Determinants of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Their Relevance to Public Health. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204408"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"295","article-title":"The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.20449","article-title":"Does the evidence for an inverse relationship between serum vitamin D status and breast cancer risk satisfy the Hill criteria?","volume":"4","author":"Mohr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6093403","article-title":"Does Sufficient Evidence Exist to Support a Causal Association between Vitamin D Status and Cardiovascular Disease Risk? An Assessment Using Hill\u2019s Criteria for Causality","volume":"6","author":"Weyland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/10.4.337","article-title":"Seasonality of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and the Possible Protective Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation","volume":"10","author":"Scragg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.09.003","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"31","author":"Jani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab124","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab124","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Mortality","volume":"5","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab809","article-title":"Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1136922","article-title":"Vitamin D and pancreas: The role of sunshine vitamin in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer","volume":"57","author":"Altieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1708","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21920","article-title":"Association of Serum hs-CRP Levels with the Presence of Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors","volume":"30","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hajj, C., Walrand, S., Helou, M., and Yammine, K. (2020). Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers in Non-Obese Lebanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072033"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa056","article-title":"Could vitamin D reduce obesity-associated inflammation? Observational and Mendelian randomization study","volume":"111","author":"Palaniswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1765","article-title":"Intratrial Exposure to Vitamin D and New-Onset Diabetes among Adults with Prediabetes: A Secondary Analysis from the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study","volume":"43","author":"Staten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/9.3.227","article-title":"Do Sunlight and Vitamin D Reduce the Likelihood of Colon Cancer?","volume":"9","author":"Garland","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01850-2","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality by daily vs. infrequent large-bolus dosing strategies: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"127","author":"Keum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2402","article-title":"Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Progression-Free Survival among Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Sunshine Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"321","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com","article-title":"Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"19","author":"Gombart","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder, P.C., Carr, A.C., Gombart, A.F., and Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041181"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W.B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, C.A., French, C.B., Aliano, J.L., and Bhattoa, H.P. (2020). Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0235.v2"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01639-9","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: A population-based, cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Oristrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07170-0","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and Mortality","volume":"37","author":"Seal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcac040","article-title":"Does vitamin D supplementation reduce COVID-19 severity? A systematic review","volume":"115","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qjm Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wildenbeest, J.G., Billard, M.-N., Zuurbier, R.P., Korsten, K., Langedijk, A.C., van de Ven, P.M., Snape, M.D., Drysdale, S.B., Pollard, A.J., and Robinson, H. (2022). The burden of respiratory syncytial virus in healthy term-born infants in Europe: A prospective birth cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00414-3"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3054","article-title":"Cord Blood Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis","volume":"127","author":"Belderbos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027666","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027666","article-title":"Importance of vitamin D in acute and critically ill children with subgroup analyses of sepsis and respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Cariolou","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e066452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066452","article-title":"Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Hahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur, A., Fr\u0105czek, P., and Tabarkiewicz, J. (2022). Vitamin D as a Nutri-Epigenetic Factor in Autoimmunity\u2014A Review of Current Research and Reports on Vitamin D Deficiency in Autoimmune Diseases. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204286"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00500","article-title":"The Implications of Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy on Mother and Her Developing Child","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Varela, M.M., U\u00e7ar, N., Peraita-Costa, I., Huertas, M.F., Soriano, J.M., Llopis-Morales, A., and Grant, W.B. (2022). Vitamin D-Related Risk Factors for Maternal Morbidity during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153166"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Varela, M.M., U\u00e7ar, N., Soriano, J.M., Llopis-Morales, A., Sanford, B.S., and Grant, W.B. (2022). Vitamin D-Related Risk Factors for Maternal Morbidity and Mortality during Pregnancy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153166"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollis, B.W., and Wagner, C.L. (2022). Substantial Vitamin D Supplementation Is Required during the Prenatal Period to Improve Birth Outcomes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040899"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4520-y","article-title":"Is calcifediol better than cholecalciferol for vitamin D supplementation?","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105751","article-title":"Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study","volume":"203","author":"Bouillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosa Henr\u00edquez, M., and G\u00f3mez de Tejada Romero, M.J. (2020). Cholecalciferol or Calcifediol in the Management of Vitamin D Deficiency. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061617"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Entrenas-Castillo, M., Salinero-Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Entrenas-Costa, L.M., and And\u00fajar-Espinosa, R. (2022). Calcifediol for Use in Treatment of Respiratory Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122447"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Castrillon, J.-L., Usategui-Mart\u00edn, R., and Pludowski, P. (2022). Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency with Calcifediol: Efficacy and Safety Profile and Predictability of Efficacy. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091943"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pludowski, P., Takacs, I., Boyanov, M., Belaya, Z., Diaconu, C.C., Mokhort, T., Zherdova, N., Rasa, I., Payer, J., and Pilz, S. (2022). Clinical Practice in the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Central and Eastern European Expert Consensus Statement. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071483"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/3\/695\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:19:51Z","timestamp":1760120391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/3\/695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15030695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15030695","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]}}}