{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:48:05Z","timestamp":1789145285078,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scholarships scheme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared with non-Indigenous populations, Indigenous populations experience worse health across many outcomes, including non-communicable diseases, and they are three times more likely to live in extreme poverty. The objectives were to identify (1) the content, implementation, and duration of the intervention; (2) the evaluation designs used; (3) the outcomes reported; and (4) the enablers and the challenges. Using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a search of research databases and grey literature was conducted. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Papers reported on acceptability, nutrition knowledge, fruit and vegetable intake, self-efficacy, motivation, and preference concerning fruit and vegetable, diet, and gardening. No study measured all outcomes. All papers reported on acceptability, whether implicitly or explicitly. The evaluation used mostly pre- and post-intervention assessments. The effect of gardening on nutrition and gardening knowledge and fruit and vegetable intake was inconclusive, and was related to a general lack of robust evaluations. Applying the He Pikinga Waiora Framework, however, revealed strong evidence for community engagement, cultural centeredness, integrated knowledge translation and systems thinking in increasing the acceptability and feasibility of gardening in Indigenous communities. Despite environmental challenges, the evidence signaled that gardening was an acceptable intervention for the Indigenous communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1675659550000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acceptability and Feasibility of Community Gardening Interventions for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases among Indigenous Populations: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rosana","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula M.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK"},{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7182-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jose","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul\u2014(UEMS), P.O. Box 351, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seeromanie","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.N.D.P (2022, July 14). 10 Things to Know about Indigenous People. Available online: https:\/\/stories.undp.org\/10-things-we-all-should-know-about-indigenous-people."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Labor Organization (I.L.O.) (2022, July 14). Urgent Action Needed to Tackle Poverty and Inequalities Facing Indigenous Peoples. Available online: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/about-the-ilo\/newsroom\/news\/WCMS_735575\/lang--en\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617895","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2021.617895","article-title":"Indigenous peoples\u2019 data during COVID-19: From external to internal","volume":"62","author":"Carroll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitorino, L.C., de Souza, U.J.B., Reis, M.N.O., and Bessa, L.A. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on the indigenous peoples related to air and road networks and habitat loss. PLoS Global Public Health, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000166"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00345-7","article-title":"Indigenous and tribal peoples\u2019 health (The Lancet\u2013Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): A population study","volume":"388","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.33.1.07","article-title":"Report summary Diabetes in Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective","volume":"33","author":"Pelletier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Inj. Can."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Indigenous Australians Agency (2022, June 10). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework, Available online: https:\/\/www.indigenoushpf.gov.au\/measures\/1-07-high-blood-pressure#."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly (2022, June 10). Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the general assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. In Proceedings of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly, New York, NY, USA, 19\u201320 September 2011. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/ga\/ncdmeeting2011\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs (2022, June 10). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/20.500.11822\/11125."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ceurstemont, S. (2022, June 10). Deforestation Cuts through Community as Well as Biodiversity. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research-and-innovation\/en\/horizon-magazine\/deforestation-cuts-through-community-well-biodiversity."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zepharovich, E., Ceddia, M.G., and Rist, S. (2020). Land-Use Conflict in the Gran Chaco: Finding Common Ground through Use of the Q Method. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187788"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.18848\/2156-8960\/CGP\/v01i03\/41178","article-title":"An exploration of gardens in Maycoba, Mexico: Change in the environment of a population genetically prone to diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Begay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Wellness Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kuhnlein, H., Burlingame, B., and Erasmus, B. (2013). Indigenous Peoples\u2019 Food Systems and Well-Being: Interventions and Policies for Healthy Communities, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839913492328","article-title":"Healthy gardens\/healthy lives: Navajo perceptions of growing food locally to prevent diabetes and cancer","volume":"15","author":"Lombard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2017.0049","article-title":"Y\u00e9ego gardening! A community garden intervention to promote health on the Navajo Nation","volume":"11","author":"Ornelas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Community Health Partnersh. Res. Educ. Action"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"307","article-title":"Food sovereignty indicators for Indigenous community capacity building and health","volume":"5","author":"Jernigan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1080\/03066150.2013.876623","article-title":"Farmers, foodies and First Nations: Getting to food sovereignty in Canada","volume":"41","author":"Desmarais","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Peasant. Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo, A., Charles, K.-A., Jacobs, M., Brooker, D., and Hanning, R.M. (2021). Indigenous community perspectives of food security, sustainable food systems and strategies to enhance access to local and traditional healthy food for partnering williams treaties first nations (Ontario, Canada). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094404"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975919831603","article-title":"The role of M\u0101ori community gardens in health promotion: A land-based community development response by Tangata Whenua, people of their land","volume":"26","author":"Hond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-017-0295-8","article-title":"Implementation framework for chronic disease intervention effectiveness in M\u0101ori and other indigenous communities","volume":"13","author":"Oetzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e388","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.388","article-title":"Home gardening in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review on practices and nutrition outcomes in rural Burkina Faso and Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"11","article-title":"Enhancing the Health of School Garden Programs and Youth","volume":"50","author":"Huelskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hume, C., Grieger, J.A., Kalamkarian, A., D\u2019Onise, K., and Smithers, L.G. (2022). Community gardens and their effects on diet, health, psychosocial and community outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13591-1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daz067","article-title":"Community gardens and wellbeing amongst vulnerable populations: A thematic review","volume":"35","author":"Dyg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohly, H., Gentry, S., Wigglesworth, R., Bethel, A., Lovell, R., and Garside, R. (2016). A systematic review of the health and well-being impacts of school gardening: Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2941-0"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.10.014","article-title":"Increasing fruit and vegetable intake among children and youth through gardening-based interventions: A systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Wengreen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.11.022","article-title":"Call to action: A new path for improving diabetes care for Indigenous peoples, a global review","volume":"123","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI. Available online: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"International Labor Organization (I.L.O.) (2022, March 08). Who Are the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples?. Available online: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/indigenous-tribal\/WCMS_503321\/lang--en\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2022, March 08). Who Are Indigenous Peoples?. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/unpfii\/documents\/5session_factsheet1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daz027","article-title":"The impact of gardening on nutrition and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Kunpeuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"58","article-title":"Integrating Places of worship into the primary care pathway to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in the Caribbean","volume":"65","author":"Harding","year":"2016","journal-title":"West Indian Med J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-012-9291-1","article-title":"A concept mapping approach to guide and understand dissemination and implementation","volume":"39","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1071\/HE06233","article-title":"Evaluation of the Outreach School Garden Project: Building the capacity of two Indigenous remote school communities to integrate nutrition into the core school curriculum","volume":"17","author":"Viola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Promot. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12236","article-title":"Remote school gardens: Exploring a cost-effective and novel way to engage Australian Indigenous students in nutrition and health","volume":"38","author":"Hume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. New Zealand J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2014.09.002","article-title":"A school gardening and healthy snack program increased Aboriginal First Nations children\u2019s preferences toward vegetables and fruit","volume":"47","author":"Triador","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3148\/cjdpr-2015-007","article-title":"The Impact of School Gardening on Cree Children\u2019s Knowledge and Attitudes toward Vegetables and Fruit","volume":"76","author":"Hanbazaza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839919830930","article-title":"Group gardening in a native American community: A collaborative approach","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2020.0066","article-title":"Ode\u2019imin Giizis: Proposing and piloting gardening as an indigenous childhood health intervention","volume":"31","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"7","article-title":"Can Community Gardens with Workshops Increase Gardening Behavior?","volume":"14","author":"Lombard","year":"2021","journal-title":"A Navajo Wellness Collaboration. J. Health Disparities Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"PRISMA group: Methods of systematic reviews and meta-analysis: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregis, A., Ghisalberti, C., Sciascia, S., Sottile, F., and Peano, C. (2021). Community garden initiatives addressing health and well-being outcomes: A systematic review of infodemiology aspects, outcomes, and target populations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041943"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036923","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036923","article-title":"What is the evidence for the impact of gardens and gardening on health and well-being: A scoping review and evidence-based logic model to guide healthcare strategy decision making on the use of gardening approaches as a social prescription","volume":"10","author":"Howarth","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampert, T., Costa, J., Santos, O., Sousa, J., Ribeiro, T., and Freire, E. (2021). Evidence on the contribution of community gardens to promote physical and mental health and well-being of non-institutionalized individuals: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255621"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.11.007","article-title":"Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Soga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa147","article-title":"Urban collective garden participation and health: A systematic literature review of potential benefits for free-living adults","volume":"80","author":"Tharrey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2020.1861589","article-title":"A systematic, mixed studies review of the outcomes of community garden participation related to food justice","volume":"26","author":"Burt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Hamzah, S.H., Gu, E., Wang, H., Xi, Y., Sun, M., Rong, S., and Lin, Q. (2021). Is School Gardening Combined with Physical Activity Intervention Effective for Improving Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082605"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/14729679.2020.1838935","article-title":"The impact of school gardens on youth social and emotional learning: A scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Lohr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adventure Educ. Outdoor Learn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017002944","article-title":"The impact of urban gardens on adequate and healthy food: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2061","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2061","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: Update of Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"374","author":"Skivington","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-019-0920-4","article-title":"Implementation effectiveness of health interventions for indigenous communities: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Harding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/3\/791\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:23:29Z","timestamp":1760120609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/3\/791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15030791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15030791","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}}}