{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T11:32:33Z","timestamp":1791718353793,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD012523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD012523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Despite iron intake recommendations, over a quarter of pregnant individuals have iron deficiency. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v enhances iron absorption in non-pregnant populations and may have positive effects in pregnancy among those with sufficient iron stores; however, no studies have evaluated the effect of Lp299v on maternal and neonatal iron status among individuals at risk for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Thus, this study aims to assess the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of daily oral Lp299v maternal supplementation among diverse pregnant individuals. (2) Methods: In this double-blind placebo-controlled randomized supplementation feasibility study, participants were randomized to probiotic Lp299v + prenatal vitamin with iron or placebo + prenatal vitamin with iron from 15\u201320 weeks of gestation through delivery. (3) Results: Of the 20 enrolled and randomized participants, 58% (7\/12) from the Lp299v group and 75% (6\/8) from the placebo group were retained. Adherence to supplementation was 72% for Lp299v\/placebo and 73% for the prenatal vitamin. A slower decline in maternal hematological and iron parameters across pregnancy was observed in the Lp299v group compared to placebo. (4) Conclusions: Lp299v may be a tolerable therapy during pregnancy and has the potential to affect maternal and neonatal hematological and iron status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T02:55:54Z","timestamp":1675911354000},"page":"875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Feasibility Study of Lactobacillus Plantarum 299v Probiotic Supplementation in an Urban Academic Facility among Diverse Pregnant Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nefertiti","family":"OjiNjideka Hemphill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3385-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lacey","family":"Pezley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Elam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Kominiarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 250 W. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Odoms-Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, 116 Reservoir Ave, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicollette","family":"Kessee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyshia","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Tussing-Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Dawn","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155978","article-title":"Iron status of toddlers, nonpregnant females, and pregnant females in the United States","volume":"106","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"655","article-title":"Anemia in pregnancy and race in the United States: Blacks at risk","volume":"37","author":"Adebisi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.257S","article-title":"Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them","volume":"72","author":"Bothwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2006.may.S34-S43","article-title":"Long-Lasting Neural and Behavioral Effects of Iron Deficiency in Infancy","volume":"64","author":"Lozoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1280s","article-title":"Anemia and iron deficiency: Effects on pregnancy outcome","volume":"71","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.773","article-title":"Iron supplementation during pregnancy, anemia, and birth weight: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Cogswell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppe, M., \u00d6nning, G., and Hulth\u00e9n, L. (2017). Freeze-dried Lactobacillus plantarum 299v increases iron absorption in young females\u2014Double isotope sequential single-blind studies in menstruating women. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189141"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500241X","article-title":"Probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum 299v increases iron absorption from an iron-supplemented fruit drink: A double-isotope cross-over single-blind study in women of reproductive age","volume":"114","author":"Hoppe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061683","article-title":"A lactic acid-fermented oat gruel increases non-haem iron absorption from a phytate-rich meal in healthy women of childbearing age","volume":"96","author":"Bering","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0857-6","article-title":"Increased iron bioavailability from lactic-fermented vegetables is likely an effect of promoting the formation of ferric iron (Fe3+)","volume":"55","author":"Scheers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axling, U., \u00d6nning, G., Combs, M.A., Bogale, A., H\u00f6gstr\u00f6m, M., and Svensson, M. (2020). The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on Iron Status and Physical Performance in Female Iron-Deficient Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051279"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.15.2006","article-title":"CONSORT Revised\u2014Improving the Reporting of Randomized Trials","volume":"285","author":"Rennie","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004439","article-title":"Association Between Race and Hemoglobin at Delivery or Need for Transfusion When Using Race-Based Definitions for Treatment of Antepartum Anemia","volume":"138","author":"Hamm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Committee on the Prevention and Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age (1994). Iron Deficiency Anemia: Recommended Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection, and Management among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8","article-title":"Pregnancy and laboratory studies: A reference table for clinicians","volume":"114","author":"Greer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, February 06). Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Including Literature Reviews. World Health Organization, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241596107."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy366","article-title":"Serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, and total body iron for the detection of iron deficiency in early pregnancy: A multiethnic population-based study with low use of iron supplements","volume":"109","author":"Eggemoen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-7159(21)03585-6","article-title":"The NHLBI nutrition data system","volume":"77","author":"Dennis","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2007.05.004","article-title":"A computer-based approach for assessing dietary supplement use in conjunction with dietary recalls","volume":"21","author":"Harnack","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.42","article-title":"Neonatal iron status is impaired by maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00449.x","article-title":"Iron endowment at birth: Maternal iron status and other influences","volume":"69","author":"Viteri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<857::AID-SIM777>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: Comparison of seven methods","volume":"17","author":"Newcombe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleiss, J.L. (2003). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, Wiley-Interscience. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471445428"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Khorazaty, M.N., Johnson, A.A., Kiely, M., El-Mohandes, A.A., Subramanian, S., Laryea, H.A., Murray, K.B., Thornberry, J.S., and Joseph, J.G. (2007). Recruitment and retention of low-income minority women in a behavioral intervention to reduce smoking, depression, and intimate partner violence during pregnancy. BMC Public Health, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-233"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.1997.9961813","article-title":"Why are African Americans under-represented in medical research studies? Impediments to participation","volume":"2","author":"Lynch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ethn. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00265-4","article-title":"Racial differences in factors that influence the willingness to participate in medical research studies","volume":"12","author":"Shavers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-015-0192-x","article-title":"Successful strategies for practice-based recruitment of racial and ethnic minority pregnant women in a randomized controlled trial: The IDEAS for a healthy baby study","volume":"3","author":"Goff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106363","article-title":"Recruitment planning for clinical trials with a vulnerable perinatal adolescent population using the Clinical Trials Transformative Initiative framework and principles of partner and community engagement","volume":"104","author":"Gamble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recruitment and retention of pregnant women for a behavioral intervention: Lessons from the maternal adiposity, metabolism, and stress (MAMAS) study","volume":"10","author":"Laraia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S400","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu726","article-title":"Recruitment and retention of pregnant women into clinical research trials: An overview of challenges, facilitators, and best practices","volume":"59","author":"Frew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12047","article-title":"Pregnancy recruitment for population research: The national children\u2019s study vanguard experience in Wayne County, Michigan","volume":"27","author":"Kerver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newington, L., and Metcalfe, A. (2014). Factors influencing recruitment to research: Qualitative study of the experiences and perceptions of research teams. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-10"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"CD009951","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes","volume":"2021","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.01.004","article-title":"Acceptability of and compliance with a probiotic capsule intervention in pregnancy","volume":"125","author":"Lindsay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12308","article-title":"Feasibility of oral prenatal probiotics against maternal group B streptococcus vaginal and rectal colonization","volume":"43","author":"Hanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JOGNN\u2014J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2248","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight and obese women: Findings from the SPRING double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Callaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberger, K.D., Cibulka, N.J., and Barron, M.L. (2022). Guidelines for Nurse Practitioners in Ambulatory Obstetric Settings, Springer Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826148544"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3863","article-title":"Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Ganz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1629","article-title":"Systemic iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis","volume":"69","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2017","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores-Quijano, M.E., Vega-S\u00e1nchez, R., Tolentino-Dolores, M.C., L\u00f3pez-Alarc\u00f3n, M.G., Flores-Urrutia, M.C., L\u00f3pez-Olvera, A.D., and Talavera, J.O. (2019). Obesity Is Associated with Changes in Iron Nutrition Status and Its Homeostatic Regulation in Pregnancy. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030693"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.02.001","article-title":"Adaptation of the inflammatory immune response across pregnancy and postpartum in Black and White women","volume":"114","author":"Gillespie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31829bbc89","article-title":"Stress-induced inflammatory responses in women: Effects of race and pregnancy","volume":"75","author":"Christian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035302","article-title":"From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression","volume":"140","author":"Slavich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-0998-z","article-title":"The Relationship Between Perinatal Mental Health and Stress: A Review of the Microbiome","volume":"21","author":"Redpath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-10-S1-S17","article-title":"Immunomodulatory mechanisms of lactobacilli","volume":"10","author":"Wells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.295270","article-title":"The emerging role of probiotics in neurodegenerative diseases: New hope for Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"16","author":"Castelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., and Chiou, J. (2021). Potential benefits of probiotics and prebiotics for coronary heart disease and stroke. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082878"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"125","article-title":"Benefits of using probiotics as adjuvants in anticancer therapy (Review)","volume":"1","author":"Vivarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw009","article-title":"The placenta: The forgotten essential organ of iron transport","volume":"74","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.81","article-title":"Obesity during pregnancy and fetal iron status: Is Hepcidin the link?","volume":"33","author":"Dao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI127341","article-title":"Effects of maternal iron status on placental and fetal iron homeostasis","volume":"130","author":"Sangkhae","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153339","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000}}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/4\/875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T14:04:24Z","timestamp":1754229864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/4\/875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15040875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15040875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]}}}