{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:14:25Z","timestamp":1788498865955,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malnutrition is a frequent comorbidity in head and neck cancer patients and has been shown to impair immunotherapy response in other cancer types. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) assesses malnutrition using the patient\u2019s ideal weight, actual weight, and serum albumin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of malnutrition as determined by the GNRI for the response to immunotherapy in recurrent and\/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R\/M HNSCC). A total of 162 patients with R\/M HNSCC who received immune checkpoint inhibitors were included. The associations between the GNRI and progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and the disease control rate (DCR) were computed. Univariable analysis showed worse PFS for GNRI \u2264 98 (p &lt; 0.001), ECOG performance status (PS) \u2265 2 (p = 0.012), and enteral (p = 0.009) and parenteral (p = 0.015) nutritional supplementation, and worse OS for GNRI &lt; 92 (p &lt; 0.001), ECOG PS \u2265 2 (p &lt; 0.001), and enteral (p = 0.008) and parenteral (p = 0.023) nutritional supplementation. In our multivariable model, GNRI \u2264 98 (p = 0.012) and ECOG PS \u2265 2 (p = 0.025) were independent prognostic factors for PFS. For OS, GNRI &lt; 92 (p &lt; 0.001) and ECOG PS \u2265 2 (p &lt; 0.001) were independent prognostic factors. A GNRI \u2264 98 was significantly associated with a lower DCR compared to a GNRI &gt; 98 (p = 0.001). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the GNRI may be an effective predictor for response to immunotherapy in R\/M HNSCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:18:35Z","timestamp":1676006315000},"page":"880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) as a Prognostic Biomarker for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response in Recurrent and\/or Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Haas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Lein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5356-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Fuereder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faris F.","family":"Brkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Schnoell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Kadletz-Wanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Heiduschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1420-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard J.","family":"Jank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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