{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:20:23Z","timestamp":1783390823679,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3A9B6017813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3A9B6017813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1A5A2014768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A5A2014768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3A9B6017813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3A9B6017813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1A5A2014768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A5A2014768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Levodopa (L-dopa) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibition are widely used therapeutics in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Despite their therapeutic effects, it was raised that nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism can be deteriorated by PD therapies. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of L-dopa and COMT inhibitors on levels of homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12 and folate in patients with PD. A total of 35 case-control studies from 14 different countries were selected through PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar and were meta-analyzed. In the L-dopa group, the Hcy level was higher compared to the PD without L-dopa group (SMD: 5.11 \u03bcmol\/L, 95% CI: 3.56 to 6.66). Moreover, vitamin B12 and folate levels in the L-dopa group were lower compared to the healthy control (SMD: \u221262.67 pg\/mL, 95% CI: \u221286.53 to \u221238.81; SMD: \u22120.89 ng\/mL, 95% CI: \u22121.44 to \u22120.33, respectively). The COMT inhibitor group showed lower levels of Hcy (SMD: \u22123.78 \u03bcmol\/L, 95% CI: \u22125.27 to \u22122.29) and vitamin B12 (SMD: \u221251.01 pg\/mL, 95% CI: \u221291.45 to \u221210.57), but higher folate levels (SMD: 1.78 ng\/mL, 95% CI: \u22120.59 to 4.15) compared to the L-dopa group. COMT inhibitors may ameliorate L-dopa-induced hyper-homocysteine and folate deficiency but exacerbate vitamin B12 deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T05:59:40Z","timestamp":1676267980000},"page":"901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Two Faces of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitor on One-Carbon Metabolism in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jin Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyue","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1532-613X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeyoon","family":"Eo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Sook","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science and Kyung Hee East\u2013West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsook","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.136","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease: Beyond dopaminergic drugs","volume":"17","author":"Charvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Parkinson\u2019s Disease Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 17, 939\u2013953."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddad, F., Sawalha, M., Khawaja, Y., Najjar, A., and Karaman, R. (2017). Dopamine and Levodopa Prodrugs for the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010040"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s702-002-8237-z","article-title":"COMT-inhibition increases serum levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"109","author":"Oechsner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707723","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.707723","article-title":"Different Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase Inhibitors in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805388","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.805388","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Perspective Through Preclinical and Clinical Evidence","volume":"13","author":"Bandopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00547-4","article-title":"Impairment of neuronal mitochondrial function by L-DOPA in the absence of oxygen-dependent auto-oxidation and oxidative cell damage","volume":"7","author":"Hormann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.09.012","article-title":"Endothelial function markers in parkinsonian patients with hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"12","author":"Bostantjopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.O. (2016). B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy\u2014A Review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020068"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0233-z","article-title":"The metabolism and significance of homocysteine in nutrition and health","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12145","article-title":"Homocysteine excess: Delineating the possible mechanism of neurotoxicity and depression","volume":"29","author":"Bhatia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422419000106","article-title":"The role of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine in Parkinson\u2019s disease onset, pathology and mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.01.007","article-title":"Reduced plasma homocysteine levels in levodopa\/entacapone treated Parkinson patients","volume":"11","author":"Valkovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.03.047","article-title":"Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and entacapone on homocysteine levels in levodopa-treated Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: A randomized controlled study","volume":"88","author":"Anamnart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.6.1102","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine and l-dopa metabolism in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"47","author":"Blandini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-007-8006-x","article-title":"Effect of MTHFR polymorphisms on hyperhomocysteinemia in levodopa-treated Parkinsonian patients","volume":"9","author":"Caccamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"450","article-title":"Correlation analysis between plasma homocysteine level and polymorphism of homocysteine metabolism related enzymes in Parkinson disease","volume":"20","author":"Yi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-012-8174-1","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10, hyperhomocysteinemia and MTHFR C677T polymorphism in levodopa-treated Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Gorgone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(08)70681-3","article-title":"2.269 Plasma homocysteine levels in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: Role of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease and levodopa treatment","volume":"13","author":"Ha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20261","article-title":"Effects of levodopa and COMT inhibitors on plasma homocysteine in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"20","author":"Lamberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00973.x","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia in L-dopa treated Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: Effect of cobalamin and folate administration","volume":"12","author":"Lamberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"399","article-title":"Effect of levodopa on plasma homocysteine level in patients with parkinsons disease","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"109","article-title":"Effect of levodopa on plasma homocysteine level in elderly patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pract. Nerv. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3124295","article-title":"Elevated Serum Homocysteine Levels Have Differential Gender-Specific Associations with Motor and Cognitive States in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Bakeberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01660-8","article-title":"Nigral endothelial dysfunction, homocysteine, and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"354","author":"Muller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.4.549","article-title":"Benefit of folic acid supplementation in parkinsonian patients treated with levodopa","volume":"74","author":"Muller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.5.657","article-title":"Levodopa-associated increase of homocysteine levels and sural axonal neurodegeneration","volume":"61","author":"Muller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-006-0132-0","article-title":"Tolcapone decreases plasma levels of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and homocysteine in treated Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"62","author":"Muller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.10.005","article-title":"Effect of levodopa and entacapone treatment on plasma homocysteine levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"15","author":"Nevrly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1179\/016164106X110445","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine levels in patients treated with levodopa: Motor and cognitive associations","volume":"28","author":"Ozer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20253","article-title":"Modest increase in plasma homocysteine follows levodopa initiation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Bottiglieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"545","article-title":"Correlational studies of serum homocysteine level and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med. China"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.05.040","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"404","author":"Religa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ren, B.L., Zhang, Z.S., Zhao, X.Y., Chen, D.Z., Zhou, X., Yang, X.P., Mai, X.Q., and Wang, J.F. (2015). Discussion on the side-effect of levodopa on Parkinson\u2019s disease. Health Vocat. Educ., 153\u2013154."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Effect of Madopar on homocysteine in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med. Cardio\/Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.040","article-title":"Homocysteine serum levels and MTHFR C677T genotype in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, with and without levodopa therapy","volume":"248","author":"Todorovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000103644","article-title":"The influence of levodopa and the COMT inhibitor on serum vitamin B12 and folate levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"58","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"609","article-title":"Effect of L-dopa on plasma homocysteine in elderly patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"735","article-title":"A study of plasma homocysteine in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and its clinical significance","volume":"5","author":"Fen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.3.437","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine and MTHFR C677T genotype in levodopa-treated patients with PD","volume":"55","author":"Yasui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"83","article-title":"Analysis on influence factors of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Huiyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke Nerv. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.09.007","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and plasma homocysteine in levodopa-treated and non-treated Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"287","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"3660","article-title":"Study of serum homocysteine level and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"622","article-title":"Clinical significance of determination of plasma homocysteine in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease with levodopa","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bethune Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.07.008","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Role of antiparkinsonian medications","volume":"11","author":"Zoccolella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22511","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"24","author":"Zoccolella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105587","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease in China: A meta-analysis","volume":"188","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12106","article-title":"Elevated homocysteine levels in levodopa-treated idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51227","article-title":"Role of homocysteine in the development and progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1202","article-title":"Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: Evidence on causality from a meta-analysis","volume":"325","author":"Wald","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-14-6","article-title":"Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Ganguly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26875","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026875","article-title":"Elevated homocysteine levels in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0237-y","article-title":"Folate and Its Impact on Cancer Risk","volume":"7","author":"Pieroth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00628-7","article-title":"Vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine and risk of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1385\/NMM:3:2:119","article-title":"Homocysteine and folate deficiency sensitize oligodendrocytes to the cell death-promoting effects of a presenilin-1 mutation and amyloid beta-peptide","volume":"3","author":"Pak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01752.2002","article-title":"Folic Acid Deficiency and Homocysteine Impair DNA Repair in Hippocampal Neurons and Sensitize Them to Amyloid Toxicity in Experimental Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Kruman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.C., Hsu, S.W., Huang, C.W., Chang, W.N., Chen, S.F., Wu, M.K., Chang, C.C., Hwang, L.C., and Chen, P.C. (2017). Effects of Homocysteine on white matter diffusion parameters in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BMC Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0970-7"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Kim, G.T., Yoon, S., Lee, H.I., Ko, K.R., Lee, S.C., Kim, D.K., Shin, J., Lee, S.Y., and Lee, S. (2021). Low serum vitamin B12 levels are associated with degenerative rotator cuff tear. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04231-7"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2015.03.005","article-title":"Clinical utility of serum folate measurement in tertiary care patients: Argument for revising reference range for serum folate from 3.0 ng\/mL to 13.0 ng\/mL","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pract. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2017.01.007","article-title":"Iron, vitamin B12 and folate","volume":"45","author":"Moll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208652109","article-title":"Area-heterogeneity tradeoff and the diversity of ecological communities","volume":"109","author":"Allouche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776847","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.776847","article-title":"Global Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in 204 Countries\/Territories From 1990 to 2019","volume":"9","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/4\/901\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:30:45Z","timestamp":1760121045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/4\/901"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15040901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15040901","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}