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However, HM butyrate\u2019s origins, determinants, and its influencing mechanism on weight gain are not completely understood. These were studied in the prospective longitudinal Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF), in which infants (n = 59) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 weeks. Infant growth (birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and HM butyrate concentrations (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) were measured. At age 6 weeks, HM intake volume was measured by deuterium-labelled water technique and HM microbiota by 16S sequencing. Cross-sectionally at 6 weeks, HM butyrate was associated with HM microbiota composition (p = 0.036) although no association with the abundance of typical butyrate producers was detected. In longitudinal analyses across all time points, HM butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. HM butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T05:59:40Z","timestamp":1676267980000},"page":"916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Butyrate in Human Milk: Associations with Milk Microbiota, Milk Intake Volume, and Infant Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3562-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurentya","family":"Olga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janna A.","family":"van Diepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt\/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Chichlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt\/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6642-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive J.","family":"Petry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Vervoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Dunger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8076-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guus A. 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