{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:11:51Z","timestamp":1781662311914,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Valeria Edefonti","award":["NIGMS\/NIH COBRE CBHD P20GM109035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIGMS\/NIH COBRE CBHD P20GM109035"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIGMS\/NIH COBRE CBHD P20GM109035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIGMS\/NIH COBRE CBHD P20GM109035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few observational studies investigated the relationship between single food groups and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Within a recent Italian cross-sectional study (365 patients, median age: 58.46 years, 78.63% females), we focused on two food groups, olive oil and nuts, representing vegetable sources of fatty acids. Disease activity was measured with Disease Activity Score on 28 joints based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) and the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI). Robust linear and logistic regression models included tertile-based consumption categories of each food group and several confounders. Stratified analyses were performed by disease severity or duration. Higher consumption of both food groups exerted a favorable effect on disease activity, significant only for olive oil (Beta: \u22120.33, p-value: 0.03) in the linear regression on the overall sample. This favorable effect was stronger in the more severe or long-standing forms of RA (p-value for heterogeneity &lt;0.05, especially for disease severity). Significant ORs were as low as ~0.30 for both food groups, strata (i.e., more severe and long-standing RA), and disease activity measures. Mean DAS28-CRP significantly decreased by ~0.70 for olive oil and ~0.55 for nuts in the two strata; mean SDAI significantly decreased by 3.30 or more for olive oil in the two strata. Globally, the beta coefficients doubled, and the ORs halved (in absolute values) for both food groups, reaching significance in 12 of the 16 available models fitted to the more severe or long-standing RA strata. More compromised forms of RA may benefit from increasing consumption of olive oil, olives, and nuts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T04:47:24Z","timestamp":1676436444000},"page":"963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Olive Oil and Nuts in Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0639-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"De Vito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science Initiative, Brown University, 121 South Main Street and 164 Angell Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2886-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\u2014DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Ferraroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology \u201cG.A. Maccacaro\u201d, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rheumatology Unit, ASST Gaetano Pini, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Caporali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rheumatology Unit, ASST Gaetano Pini, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Ingegnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rheumatology Unit, ASST Gaetano Pini, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1309-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Parpinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\u2014DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1995-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Edefonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology \u201cG.A. Maccacaro\u201d, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"591","article-title":"Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Finckh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216655","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update","volume":"79","author":"Smolen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. 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