{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:03:15Z","timestamp":1782226995703,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1SC2DK108292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SC2DK108292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1SC3GM132010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SC3GM132010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1SC2DK108292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SC2DK108292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1SC3GM132010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SC3GM132010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal obesity during pregnancy adversely impacts offspring health, predisposing them to chronic metabolic diseases characterized by insulin resistance, dysregulated macronutrient metabolism, and lipid overload, such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Choline is a semi-essential nutrient involved in lipid and one-carbon metabolism that is compromised during MAFLD progression. Here, we investigated under high-fat (HF) obesogenic feeding how maternal choline supplementation (CS) influenced the hepatic lipidome of mouse offspring. Our results demonstrate that maternal HF+CS increased relative abundance of a subclass of phospholipids called plasmalogens in the offspring liver at both embryonic day 17.5 and after 6 weeks of postnatal HF feeding. Consistent with the role of plasmalogens as sacrificial antioxidants, HF+CS embryos were presumably protected with lower oxidative stress. After postnatal HF feeding, the maternal HF+CS male offspring also had higher relative abundance of both sphingomyelin d42:2 and its side chain, nervonic acid (FA 24:1). Nervonic acid is exclusively metabolized in the peroxisome and is tied to plasmalogen synthesis. Altogether, this study demonstrates that under the influence of obesogenic diet, maternal CS modulates the fetal and postnatal hepatic lipidome of male offspring, favoring plasmalogen synthesis, an antioxidative response that may protect the mouse liver from damages due to HF feeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T05:37:46Z","timestamp":1676439466000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prenatal Choline Supplement in a Maternal Obesity Model Modulates Offspring Hepatic Lipidomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hunter W.","family":"Korsmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isma\u2019il","family":"Kadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziza","family":"Reaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Bretter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8884-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjana","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5298-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline H.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Matias","family":"Caviglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1","article-title":"Obesity and pregnancy: Mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child","volume":"356","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.160","article-title":"Developmental origins of NAFLD: A womb with a clue","volume":"14","author":"Wesolowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154093","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.154093","article-title":"Maternal Western diet exposure increases periportal fibrosis beginning in utero in nonhuman primate offspring","volume":"6","author":"Nash","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1578","article-title":"Developmental Programming of NAFLD by Parental Obesity","volume":"4","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1265","article-title":"Perinatal Nutritional Reprogramming of the Epigenome Promotes Subsequent Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"2","author":"Tomita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: A Consensus-Driven Proposed Nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.11.049","article-title":"Increased de novo lipogenesis is a distinct characteristic of individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"146","author":"Lambert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05157.x","article-title":"Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha by dietary fish oil attenuates steatosis, but does not prevent experimental steatohepatitis because of hepatic lipoperoxide accumulation","volume":"23","author":"Larter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e220194","article-title":"Treating inflammation to combat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"256","author":"Wiering","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zisser, A., Ipsen, D.H., and Tveden-Nyborg, P. (2021). Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Inactivation in NASH-Fibrosis-Roles as Putative Treatment Targets?. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040365"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i8.436","article-title":"Lipidomics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Kartsoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess13226","article-title":"Proportion of nervonic acid in serum lipids is associated with serum plasmalogen levels and metabolic syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.015","article-title":"CerS2 haploinsufficiency inhibits \u03b2-oxidation and confers susceptibility to diet-induced steatohepatitis and insulin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Raichur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantynowicz-Nowicka, K., Berk, K., Chabowski, A., Kasacka, I., Bielawiec, P., \u0141ukaszuk, B., and Harasim-Symbor, E. (2019). High-Fat Feeding in Time-Dependent Manner Affects Metabolic Routes Leading to Nervonic Acid Synthesis in NAFLD. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153829"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-207894","article-title":"Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humans","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700692RR","article-title":"Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: A randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study","volume":"32","author":"Caudill","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00069-1","article-title":"Metabolic imprinting of choline by its availability during gestation: Implications for memory and attentional processing across the lifespan","volume":"27","author":"Meck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2174\/187152412800792706","article-title":"Choline nutrition programs brain development via DNA and histone methylation","volume":"12","author":"Blusztajn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwan, S.T.C., King, J.H., Grenier, J.K., Yan, J., Jiang, X., Roberson, M.S., and Caudill, M.A. (2018). Maternal Choline Supplementation during Normal Murine Pregnancy Alters the Placental Epigenome: Results of an Exploratory Study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040417"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841787","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.841787","article-title":"Maternal Choline Supplementation and High-Fat Feeding Interact to Influence DNA Methylation in Offspring in a Time-Specific Manner","volume":"9","author":"Korsmo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsmo, H.W., Jiang, X., and Caudill, M.A. (2019). Choline: Exploring the Growing Science on Its Benefits for Moms and Babies. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081823"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.05.011","article-title":"One carbon metabolism and early development: A diet-dependent destiny","volume":"32","author":"Korsmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29683","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.29683","article-title":"Molecular distinction of phosphatidylcholine synthesis between the CDP-choline pathway and phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathway","volume":"274","author":"DeLong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.721340","article-title":"Mfsd2a Is a Transporter for the Essential \u03c9-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Eye and Is Important for Photoreceptor Cell Development","volume":"291","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"8748706","article-title":"Combined Supplementation of Choline and Docosahexaenoic Acid during Pregnancy Enhances Neurodevelopment of Fetal Hippocampus","volume":"2017","author":"Jc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.08.004","article-title":"Choline prevents fetal overgrowth and normalizes placental fatty acid and glucose metabolism in a mouse model of maternal obesity","volume":"49","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jack-Roberts, C., Joselit, Y., Nanobashvili, K., Bretter, R., Malysheva, O.V., Caudill, M.A., Saxena, A., Axen, K., Gomaa, A., and Jiang, X. (2017). Choline Supplementation Normalizes Fetal Adiposity and Reduces Lipogenic Gene Expression in a Mouse Model of Maternal Obesity. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080899"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsmo, H.W., Edwards, K., Dave, B., Jack-Roberts, C., Yu, H., Saxena, A., Salvador, M., Dembitzer, M., Phagoora, J., and Jiang, X. (2020). Prenatal Choline Supplementation during High-Fat Feeding Improves Long-Term Blood Glucose Control in Male Mouse Offspring. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010144"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M009449","article-title":"Lipidomics reveals a remarkable diversity of lipids in human plasma","volume":"51","author":"Quehenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barupal, D.K., Zhang, Y., Shen, T., Fan, S., Roberts, B.S., Fitzgerald, P., Wancewicz, B., Valdiviez, L., Wohlgemuth, G., and Byram, G. (2019). A Comprehensive Plasma Metabolomics Dataset for a Cohort of Mouse Knockouts within the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium. Metabolites, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/624437"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Berg, R.A., Hoefsloot, H.C., Westerhuis, J.A., Smilde, A.K., and van der Werf, M.J. (2006). Centering, scaling, and transformations: Improving the biological information content of metabolomics data. BMC Genom., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-142"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W388","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab382","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 5.0: Narrowing the gap between raw spectra and functional insights","volume":"49","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3380769","article-title":"Plasmalogens as endogenous antioxidants: Somatic cell mutants reveal the importance of the vinyl ether","volume":"338","author":"Zoeller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0320147","article-title":"Plasmalogens: Targets for oxidants and major lipophilic antioxidants","volume":"32","author":"Engelmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28970","article-title":"Malondialdehyde epitopes are sterile mediators of hepatic inflammation in hypercholesterolemic mice","volume":"65","author":"Busch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.06.016","article-title":"Malondialdehyde epitopes as mediators of sterile inflammation","volume":"1862","author":"Busch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607011","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.607011","article-title":"Oxidation-Specific Epitopes in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"11","author":"Hendrikx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18439","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005572107","article-title":"ELOVL1 production of C24 acyl-CoAs is linked to C24 sphingolipid synthesis","volume":"107","author":"Ohno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sztolsztener, K., Konstantynowicz-Nowicka, K., Harasim-Symbor, E., and Chabowski, A. (2021). Time-Dependent Changes in Hepatic Sphingolipid Accumulation and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of NAFLD. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212478"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.02.002","article-title":"Defective Phosphatidylglycerol Remodeling Causes Hepatopathy, Linking Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Hepatosteatosis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvs105","article-title":"Very long-chain fatty acids: Elongation, physiology and related disorders","volume":"152","author":"Kihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8995","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.069203","article-title":"Substrate specificity, membrane topology, and activity regulation of human alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2)","volume":"285","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13369","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13369","article-title":"Mfsd2a+ hepatocytes repopulate the liver during injury and regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13241","article-title":"Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"509","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730829","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.730829","article-title":"Plasmalogens and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Bozelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.63","article-title":"Innate sensing of oxidation-specific epitopes in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Binder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00720-1","article-title":"Plasmalogen degradation by oxidative stress: Production and disappearance of specific fatty aldehydes and fatty alpha-hydroxyaldehydes","volume":"31","author":"Favreliere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2004.04.008","article-title":"Evidence for the reactivity of fatty aldehydes released from oxidized plasmalogens with phosphatidylethanolamine to form Schiff base adducts in rat brain homogenates","volume":"131","author":"Pontcharraud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29039","article-title":"Protective role of endogenous plasmalogens against hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"66","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673917","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.673917","article-title":"Potential Role of Plasmalogens in the Modulation of Biomembrane Morphology","volume":"9","author":"Almsherqi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00221-4","article-title":"The protective role of plasmalogens in iron-induced lipid peroxidation","volume":"26","author":"Sindelar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.11.018","article-title":"Vitamin E has a beneficial effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.128","article-title":"Weight gain induced by high-fat feeding involves increased liver oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Milagro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, B.L., and Norhaizan, M.E. (2019). Effect of High-Fat Diets on Oxidative Stress, Cellular Inflammatory Response and Cognitive Function. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112579"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Rains","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2017.06.007","article-title":"The etiology of oxidative stress in insulin resistance","volume":"40","author":"Hurrle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.006","article-title":"Linking oxidative stress to inflammation: Toll-like receptors","volume":"48","author":"Gill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2014.017","article-title":"Metabolism of very long-chain Fatty acids: Genes and pathophysiology","volume":"22","author":"Sassa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5677","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707386200","article-title":"Characterization of ceramide synthase 2: Tissue distribution, substrate specificity, and inhibition by sphingosine 1-phosphate","volume":"283","author":"Laviad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.07.006","article-title":"Ceramides-Lipotoxic Inducers of Metabolic Disorders","volume":"26","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Insausti-Urkia, N., Solsona-Vilarrasa, E., Garcia-Ruiz, C., and Fernandez-Checa, J.C. (2020). Sphingomyelinases and Liver Diseases. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111497"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66702-6","article-title":"Differential effects of high fat diet-induced obesity on oocyte mitochondrial functions in inbred and outbred mice","volume":"10","author":"Marei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Month\u00e9-Dr\u00e8ze, C., Penfield-Cyr, A., Smid, M.C., and Sen, S. (2018). Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Obesity Attenuates Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation During Pregnancy. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121908"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.12.009","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"394","article-title":"A potential role for lysophosphatidylcholine in the delivery of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to the fetal circulation","volume":"1864","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.066092","article-title":"Pregnancy alters choline dynamics: Results of a randomized trial using stable isotope methodology in pregnant and nonpregnant women","volume":"98","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-251736","article-title":"Maternal choline supplementation programs greater activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway in adult Ts65Dn trisomic mice","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.050211","article-title":"Choline intake influences phosphatidylcholine DHA enrichment in nonpregnant women but not in pregnant women in the third trimester","volume":"97","author":"West","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22063","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101401RR","article-title":"Choline metabolome response to prenatal choline supplementation across pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Taesuwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.03.007","article-title":"The ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine influences membrane integrity and steatohepatitis","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.706523","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanolamine Is a Key Regulator of Membrane Fluidity in Eukaryotic Cells","volume":"291","author":"Dawaliby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0993","article-title":"The concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine in mitochondria can modulate ATP production and glucose metabolism in mice","volume":"63","author":"Lingrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/4\/965\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:32Z","timestamp":1760121392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/4\/965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15040965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15040965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}}}