{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:24Z","timestamp":1792789704048,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients, Group P\/S, Viby J, Denmark"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protein intake is higher in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants during infancy, which may lead to an increased risk of being overweight. Applying alpha-lactalbumin (\u03b1-lac)-enriched whey or casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP)-reduced whey to infant formula may enable further reduction of formula protein by improving the amino acid profile. Growth, nutrient intake, and protein metabolites were evaluated in a randomized, prospective, double-blinded intervention trial where term infants received standard formula (SF:2.2 g protein\/100 kcal; n = 83) or low-protein formulas with \u03b1-lac-enriched whey (\u03b1-lac-EW;1.75 g protein\/100 kcal; n = 82) or CGMP-reduced whey (CGMP-RW;1.76 g protein\/100 kcal; n = 80) from 2 to 6 months. Breast-fed infants (BF; n = 83) served as reference. Except between 4 and 6 months, when weight gain did not differ between \u03b1-lac-EW and BF (p = 0.16), weight gain was higher in all formula groups compared to BF. Blood urea nitrogen did not differ between low-protein formula groups and BF during intervention, but was lower than in SF. Essential amino acids were similar or higher in \u03b1-lac-EW and CGMP-RW compared to BF. Conclusion: Low-protein formulas enriched with \u03b1-lac-enriched or CGMP-reduced whey supports adequate growth, with more similar weight gain in \u03b1-lac-enriched formula group and BF, and with metabolic profiles closer to that of BF infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15041010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T01:36:37Z","timestamp":1676856997000},"page":"1010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Low-Protein Formulas with Alpha-Lactalbumin-Enriched or Glycomacropeptide-Reduced Whey: Effects on Growth, Nutrient Intake and Protein Metabolism during Early Infancy: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ulrika Tingh\u00e4ll","family":"Tingh\u00e4ll Nilsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olle","family":"Hernell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"L\u00f6nnerdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete Lindberg","family":"Hartvigsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, 8260 Viby J, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte Neergaard","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, 8260 Viby J, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Staudt","family":"Kvistgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, 8260 Viby J, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia Karlsland","family":"Karlsland \u00c5keson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.10.002","article-title":"Human milk composition: Nutrients and bioactive factors","volume":"60","author":"Ballard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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