{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:30:13Z","timestamp":1777631413713,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2019-107663RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107663RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PDC2022-133489-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDC2022-133489-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is known that casein hydrolysis accelerates gastrointestinal transit in comparison to intact casein, although the effect of the protein hydrolysis on the composition of the digests is not fully understood. The aim of this work is to characterize, at the peptidome level, duodenal digests from pigs, as a model of human digestion, fed with micellar casein and a previously described casein hydrolysate. In addition, in parallel experiments, plasma amino acid levels were quantified. A slower transit of nitrogen to the duodenum was found when the animals received micellar casein. Duodenal digests from casein contained a wider range of peptide sizes and a higher number of peptides above five amino acids long in comparison with the digests from the hydrolysate. The peptide profile was markedly different, and although \u03b2-casomorphin-7 precursors were also found in hydrolysate samples, other opioid sequences were more abundant in the casein digests. Within the same substrate, the evolution of the peptide pattern at different time points showed minimal changes, suggesting that the protein degradation rate relies more on the gastrointestinal location than on digestion time. Higher plasma concentrations of methionine, valine, lysine and amino acid metabolites were found in animals fed with the hydrolysate at short times (&lt;200 min). The duodenal peptide profiles were evaluated with discriminant analysis tools specific for peptidomics to identify sequence differences between both substrates that can be used for future human physiological and metabolic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T01:39:28Z","timestamp":1676943568000},"page":"1065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Peptidomic Characterization and Amino Acid Availability after Intake of Casein vs. a Casein Hydrolysate in a Pig Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Barrios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Maqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Le Gouar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement (INRAE) STLO Agrocampus Ouest, 35042 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement (INRAE) STLO Agrocampus Ouest, 35042 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-9074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Miralles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2973-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidra","family":"Recio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14930","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14930","article-title":"Slow and Fast Dietary Proteins Differently Modulate Postprandial Protein Accretion","volume":"94","author":"Boirie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. 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