{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:52:07Z","timestamp":1788904327873,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Agder in Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Olympic Sports Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Female endurance athletes are considered a high-risk group for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Due to the lack of educational and behavioral intervention studies, targeting and evaluating the effects of the practical daily management of REDs, we developed the Food and nUtrition for Endurance athletes\u2014a Learning (FUEL) program, consisting of 16 weekly online lectures and individual athlete-centered nutrition counseling every other week. We recruited female endurance athletes from Norway (n = 60), Sweden (n = 84), Ireland (n = 17), and Germany (n = 47). Fifty athletes with symptoms of REDs and with low risk of eating disorders, with no use of hormonal contraceptives and no chronic diseases, were allocated to either the FUEL intervention (n = 32) (FUEL) or a 16-week control period (n = 18) (CON). All but one completed FUEL, while 15 completed CON. We found strong evidence for improvements in sports nutrition knowledge, assessed via interviews, and moderate to strong evidence in the ratings concerning self-perceived sports nutrition knowledge in FUEL versus CON. Analyses of the seven-day prospective weighed food record and questions related to sports nutrition habits, suggested weak evidence for improvements in FUEL versus CON. The FUEL intervention improved sports nutrition knowledge and suggested weak evidence for improved sports nutrition behavior in female endurance athletes with symptoms of REDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1677029987000},"page":"1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Effects of a 16-Week Digital Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Behavior in Female Endurance Athletes with Risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida L.","family":"Fahrenholtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8249-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K.","family":"Melin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Linnaeus University, 35252 V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Garthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, 0854 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri Marte","family":"Hollekim-Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8987-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Ivarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"},{"name":"School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, 30118 Halmstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80809 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Logue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Lundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3727-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Wasserfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80809 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica K.","family":"Torstveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093240","article-title":"The LEAF questionnaire: A screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad","volume":"48","author":"Melin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. 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