{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:22:44Z","timestamp":1788474164995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Mental Health\/National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH119642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH119642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is not clear whether progesterone and estradiol associate with premenstrual food cravings, which significantly contribute to cardiometabolic adverse effects associated with obesity. We sought to investigate this question in the present study based on the prior literature showing a protective effect of progesterone on drug craving and extensive neurobiological overlaps between food and drug cravings. We enrolled 37 non-illicit drug- or medication-using women in the study to provide daily ratings of premenstrual food cravings and other symptoms across two-three menstrual cycles, based on which we classified them as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) or control participants. In addition, the participants provided blood samples at eight clinic visits across the menstrual cycle. We aligned their mid-luteal progesterone and estradiol using a validated method which relies upon the peak serum luteinizing hormone and analyzed estradiol and progesterone using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Hierarchical modeling, adjusted for BMI, showed a significant inverse effect of progesterone (p = 0.038) but no effect of estradiol on premenstrual food cravings. The association was not unique to PMDD or control participants. Results of research to date in humans and rodents showing that progesterone has dampening effects on the salience of the reinforcer translate to premenstrual food cravings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1677115866000},"page":"1097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mid-Luteal Progesterone Is Inversely Associated with Premenstrual Food Cravings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajna","family":"Hamidovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimata","family":"Soumare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamina","family":"Naveed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3963-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21573","article-title":"25-Year Weight Gain in a Racially Balanced Sample of US Adults: The CARDIA Study","volume":"24","author":"Dutton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802243","article-title":"The impact of weight change on cardiovascular disease risk factors in young black and white adults: The CARDIA study","volume":"27","author":"Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. 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