{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:39:06Z","timestamp":1792805946675,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan","award":["CMOR 11203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMOR 11203"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y2htg06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although vitamin D is antithrombotic, associations between serum vitamin D status and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remain inconsistent. Methods: We searched the EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases from inception to June 2022 to identify observational studies examining associations between vitamin D status and VTE risk in adults. The primary outcome presented as odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) was the association of vitamin D levels with the risk of VTE. Secondary outcomes included the impacts of vitamin D status (i.e., deficiency or insufficiency), study design, and the presence of neurological diseases on the associations. Results: Pooled evidence from a meta-analysis of sixteen observational studies, including 47648 individuals published from 2013 to 2021, revealed a negative relationship between vitamin D levels and the risk of VTE either based on OR (1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37 to 2.20, p &lt; 0.00001; I2 = 31%, 14 studies, 16074 individuals) or HR (1.25, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.46, p = 0.006; I2 = 0%, 3 studies, 37,564 individuals). This association remained significant in subgroup analyses of the study design and in the presence of neurological diseases. Compared to individuals with normal vitamin D status, an increased risk of VTE was noted in those with vitamin D deficiency (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.33 to 3.11) but not with vitamin D insufficiency. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrated a negative association between serum vitamin D status and the risk of VTE. Further studies are required to investigate the potential beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on the long-term risk of VTE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T02:01:25Z","timestamp":1677117685000},"page":"1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Is Circulating Vitamin D Status Associated with the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism? A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Chuan","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, College of Recreation and Health Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Hsiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3403-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Yu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"},{"name":"The Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8640-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, College of Recreation and Health Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-Tsung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, College of Recreation and Health Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7711-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Hsiang","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-5701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-015-1311-6","article-title":"The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism","volume":"41","author":"Heit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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