{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:50:38Z","timestamp":1787241038226,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: There are many known risk factors for osteoporosis (OST) among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), one of which is physical activity. Material and methods: The aim of the study is to assess the frequency and risk factors of OST among 232 patients with IBD compared to a group of 199 patients without IBD. The participants underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, laboratory tests, and completed a questionnaire about their physical activity. Results: It was found that 7.3% of IBD patients suffered from OST. Male gender, ulcerative colitis, extensive inflammation in the intestine, exacerbation of disease, rare physical activity, other forms of physical activity, past fractures, lower levels of osteocalcin, and higher levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen were risk factors for OST. As many as 70.6% of OST patients were rarely physically active. Conclusions: OST is a common problem in IBD patients. OST risk factors differ significantly between the general population and those with IBD. Modifiable factors can be influenced by patients and by physicians. The key to OST prophylaxis may be regular physical activity, which should be recommended in clinical remission. It may also prove valuable to use markers of bone turnover in diagnostics, which may enable decisions regarding therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1677463150000},"page":"1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Risk Factors for Osteoporosis among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease\u2014Do We Already Know Everything?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3866-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kaniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0413-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Wi\u0119cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Szwarc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-4590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Panufnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9301-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Tulewicz-Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8072-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Walicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Franek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1267-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Rydzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Inferior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5114\/pg.2021.110914","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Recommendations of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology and the Polish National Consultant in Gastroenterology","volume":"16","author":"Eder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rev.\/Przegl\u0105d Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis. Recommendations of the Working Group of the Polish National Consultant in Gastroenterology and the Polish Society of Gastroenterology","volume":"8","author":"Eder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rev.\/Przegl\u0105d Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v6.i4.210","article-title":"Risk factors for osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/GL-2020-0524SUPPL","article-title":"American association of clinical endocrinologists\/american college of endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis-2020 update","volume":"26","author":"Camacho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i35.5362","article-title":"Systematic review of the prevalence and development of osteoporosis or low bone mineral density and its risk factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200312000-00003","article-title":"Bone density improves with disease remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Reffitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-018-00512-x","article-title":"Executive summary of the European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"104","author":"Kanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-013-0047-8","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of denosumab versus oral bisphosphonates for postmenopausal osteoporosis in the US","volume":"11","author":"Parthan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"16194","article-title":"Nationwide data on epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Poland between 2009 and 2020","volume":"132","author":"Walkiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6788","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006788","article-title":"Widely differing screening and treatment practice for osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in the Swiss IBD cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Rossel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"16329","article-title":"The associations between vitamin D, bone mineral density and the course of inflammatory bowel disease in Polish patients","volume":"26","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01753.x","article-title":"Vitamin D status and bone density in recently diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease: The Manitoba IBD Cohort Study","volume":"103","author":"Leslie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/003655201300192030","article-title":"Bone density reduction in patients with Crohn disease and associations with demographic and disease variables: Cross-sectional data from a population-based study","volume":"36","author":"Haugeberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.3.313","article-title":"Bone mineral density is reduced in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease but not in patients with ulcerative colitis: A population based study","volume":"40","author":"Jahnsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283200032","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB-ligand\/osteoprotegerin associated with bone deterioration in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Turk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rychter, A., Ratajczak, A., Szymczak-Tomczak, A., Michalak, M., Eder, P., Dobrowolska, A., and Krela-Ka\u017amierczak, I. (2021). Associations of Lifestyle Factors with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Polish Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061863"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.026","article-title":"Evaluation of densitometric bone-muscle relationships in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Mauro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-009-0059-5","article-title":"Body composition and muscle strength as predictors of bone mineral density in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.2.176","article-title":"Fracture risk is increased in Crohn\u2019s disease, but not in ulcerative colitis","volume":"46","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf007","article-title":"Fracture risk in patients with celiac Disease, Crohn\u2019s disease, and ulcerative colitis: A nationwide follow-up study of 16,416 patients in Denmark","volume":"156","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2019.1689554","article-title":"Role of vitamin K2 in bone metabolism: A point of view and a short reappraisal of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Capozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"62","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and bone mineral density in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"137","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.3.171","article-title":"Plasma levels and intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with small bowel resection","volume":"18","author":"Compston","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000449","article-title":"Vitamin D in inflammatory bowel disease: More than just a supplement","volume":"34","author":"Gubatan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00582.x","article-title":"Altered bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease: There is a difference between Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"247","author":"Ardizzone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00997.x","article-title":"Abnormal bone turnover in long-standing Crohn\u2019s disease in remission","volume":"15","author":"Schoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036657","article-title":"Measurement of vitamin D levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients reveals a subset of Crohn\u2019s disease patients with elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and low bone mineral density","volume":"53","author":"Abreu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.848_a.x","article-title":"Altered bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"93","author":"Tulassay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulewicz-Marti, E.M., Lewandowski, K., and Rydzewska, G. (2022). Bone Metabolism Alteration in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144138"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis (2003). Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis: Report of a WHO Scientific Group."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2021.1913759","article-title":"Physical exercise is associated with beneficial bone mineral density and body composition in young adults with childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"56","author":"Sigurdsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/5\/1151\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:41:33Z","timestamp":1760121693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/5\/1151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15051151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15051151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]}}}