{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:27:02Z","timestamp":1792092422097,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACyT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["233918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["233918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary regimens that are focused on diminishing total caloric intake and restricting palatable food ingestion are the most common strategies for weight control. However, restrictive diet therapies have low adherence rates in obese patients, particularly in stressed individuals. Moreover, food restriction downregulates the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid axis (HPT) function, hindering weight loss. Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as an option to treat obesity. We compared the effects of IF to an all-day feeding schedule on palatable diet (PD)-stress (S)-induced hyperphagia, HPT axis function, accumbal thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and dopamine D2 receptor expression in association with adipocyte size and PPAR\u0194 coactivator 1\u03b1 (PGC1\u03b1) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in stressed vs. non-stressed rats. After 5 weeks, S-PD rats showed an increased energy intake and adipocyte size, fewer beige cells, and HPT axis deceleration-associated low PGC1\u03b1 and UCP1 expression, as well as decreased accumbal TRH and D2 expression. Interestingly, IF reversed those parameters to control values and increased the number of beige adipocytes, UCP1, and PGC1\u03b1 mRNAs, which may favor a greater energy expenditure and a reduced body weight, even in stressed rats. Our results showed that IF modulated the limbic dopaminergic and TRHergic systems that regulate feeding and HPT axis function, which controls the metabolic rate, supporting this regimen as a suitable non-pharmacologic strategy to treat obesity, even in stressed individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1677463150000},"page":"1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Hypothalamus\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Axis, Palatable Food Intake, and Body Weight in Stressed Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cinthia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Luna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ixchel","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Diet\u00e9tica y Nutrici\u00f3n, ISSSTE, Mexico City 14070, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Soberanes-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Alvarez-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7412-1153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Torre-Villalvazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Matamoros-Trejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"de Gortari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.105099","article-title":"Interaction between three stress-related gene polymorphisms and food addiction increases the risk to develop obesity in a sample of Mexican people attending a nutrition clinic","volume":"125","author":"Camarena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"554","article-title":"Accumbal TRH is downstream of the effects of isolation stress on hedonic food intake in rats","volume":"7","author":"Amaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2016.03.004","article-title":"Stress, cortisol, and obesity: A role for cortisol responsiveness in identifying individuals prone to obesity","volume":"56","author":"Hewagalamulage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"255","article-title":"Stress and eating behaviors","volume":"38","author":"Yau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21774","article-title":"Obesity and cortisol: New perspectives on an old theme","volume":"25","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20795","article-title":"Long-term cortisol levels measured in scalp hair of obese patients","volume":"22","author":"Wester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1450143","article-title":"Starvation-induced changes in the hypothalamic content of prothyrotrophin-releasing hormone (proTRH) mRNA and the hypothalamic release of proTRH-derived peptides: Role of the adrenal gland","volume":"145","author":"Rondeel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36124","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003549200","article-title":"Leptin Regulates Prothyrotropin-releasing Hormone Biosynthesis: Evidence for direct and indirect pathways","volume":"275","author":"Nillni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1430","article-title":"Glucocorticoids Decrease Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Human Hypothalamus","volume":"90","author":"Alkemade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.7.7789304","article-title":"Changes in adrenal status affect hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in parallel with corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"136","author":"Kakucska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adafer, R., Messaadi, W., Meddahi, M., Patey, A., Haderbache, A., Bayen, S., and Messaadi, N. (2020). Food Timing, Circadian Rhythm and Chrononutrition: A Systematic Review of Time-Restricted Eating\u2019 s Effects on Human Health. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123770"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Suarez-Varela, M., Collado S\u00e1nchez, E., Peraita-Costa, I., Llopis-Morales, A., Soriano, J.M., and Fiorentino, V. (2021). Intermittent Fasting and the Possible Benefits in Obesity, Diabetes, and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093179"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"663","article-title":"The role of low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting in the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes","volume":"69","author":"Zubrzycki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.405","article-title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on the Circulating Levels and Circadian Rhythms of Hormones","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"15","article-title":"Prepuberal light phase feeding induces neuroendocrine alterations in adult rats","volume":"232","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurophysiol. Lab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.001","article-title":"Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time restricted feeding in healthy lifespan","volume":"23","author":"Longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.019","article-title":"Time restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high fat diet","volume":"15","author":"Hatori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.231","article-title":"Central regulation of feeding behavior during social isolation of rat: Evidence for the role of endogenous CART system Drug design and its Pharmacological Screening View project Ventral tegmental area View project","volume":"35","author":"Nakhate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artic. Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.04.009","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of isolation stress and consumption of palatable diet during the prepubertal period on metabolic parameters","volume":"62","author":"Krolow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (2005). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2","article-title":"Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction","volume":"162","author":"Chomczynski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D023788","article-title":"Adiposoft: Automated software for the analysis of white adipose tissue cellularity in histological sections","volume":"53","author":"Galarraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgadillo-Puga, C., Noriega, L.G., Morales-Romero, A.M., Nieto-Camacho, A., Granados-Portillo, O., Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, L.A., Alem\u00e1n, G., Furuzawa-Carballeda, J., Tovar, A.R., and Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2020). Goat\u2019s Milk Intake Prevents Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed A High-Fat Diet by Reducing Inflammatory Markers and Increasing Energy Expenditure and Mitochondrial Content in Skeletal Muscle. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155530"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000126649","article-title":"Suppression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by interleukin-1-beta in the rat: Implications for nonthyroidal illness","volume":"59","author":"Kakucska","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.046","article-title":"Dopamine D1 receptor gene expression decreases in the nucleus accumbens upon long-term exposure to palatable food and differs depending on diet-induced obesity phenotype in rats","volume":"171","author":"Alsio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.039","article-title":"Prevention of adolescent obesity: The global picture and an indian perspective","volume":"14","author":"Srivastav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01446-8","article-title":"Dysmetabolic adipose tissue in obesity: Morphological and functional characteristics of adipose stem cells and mature adipocytes in healthy and unhealthy obese subjects","volume":"44","author":"Porro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00634","article-title":"Beige Fat Maintenance; Toward a Sustained Metabolic Health","volume":"11","author":"Rabiee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubir\u00eda, M.G., Alzamendi, A., Moreno, G., Portales, A., Castrogiovanni, D., Spinedi, E., and Giovambattista, A. (2016). Relationship between the Balance of Hypertrophic\/Hyperplastic Adipose Tissue Expansion and the Metabolic Profile in a High Glucocorticoids Model. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070410"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00566","article-title":"Glucocorticoids Suppress the Browning of Adipose Tissue via miR-19b in Male Mice","volume":"159","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Stress-Related Cortisol Secretion in Men: Relationships with Abdominal Obesity and Endocrine, Metabolic and Hemodynamic Abnormalities","volume":"83","author":"Rosmond","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-114-1-215","article-title":"Effects of Dexamethasone on Kinetics and Distribution of Triiodothyronine in the Rat","volume":"114","author":"Cavalieri","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.21255","article-title":"Endothelial cells of adipose tissues: A niche of adipogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Frontini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78362","article-title":"Brown and beige fat in humans: Thermogenic adipocytes that control energy and glucose homeostasis","volume":"125","author":"Sidossis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahnert, J.A., Zheng, B., Hudson, M.B., Woodworth-Hobbs, M.E., and Price, S.R. (2016). Glucocorticoids Alter CRTC-CREB Signaling in Muscle Cells: Impact on PGC-1\u03b1 Expression and Atrophy Markers. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159181"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)37433-7","article-title":"Structure of the gene encoding rat thyrotropin releasing hormone","volume":"263","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0305","article-title":"Chronic Stress Promotes Palatable Feeding, which Reduces Signs of Stress: Feedforward and Feedback Effects of Chronic Stress","volume":"145","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.03.028","article-title":"Effects of comfort food on food intake, anxiety-like behavior and the stress response in rats","volume":"103","author":"Ortolani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2519","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03643-6","article-title":"Brain dopamine and obesity","volume":"357","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10118","article-title":"Brain dopamine is associated with eating behaviors in humans","volume":"33","author":"Volkow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91296-Q","article-title":"Decreased striatal D2 dopamine receptors in obese Zucker rats: Changes during aging","volume":"589","author":"Hamdi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker-Krail, D.D., Walker, W.H., and Nelson, R.J. (2022). The Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens as Circadian Oscillators: Implications for Drug Abuse and Substance Use Disorders. Front. Physiol., 27.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.886704"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173105","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and substance use disorders: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"201","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aouichat, S., Chayah, M., Bouguerra-Aouichat, S., and Agil, A. (2020). Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Body Weight Gain, Lipid Profiles, and Atherogenic Indices in Cafeteria-Diet-Fed Rats: Role of Browning of Inguinal White Adipose Tissue. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202006.0134.v1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.03.015","article-title":"Intermittent fasting increases energy expenditure and promotes adipose tissue browning in mice","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.019","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting Promotes White Adipose Browning and Decreases Obesity by Shaping the Gut Microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00320-X","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and uncoupling proteins","volume":"543","author":"Lanni","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.01.017","article-title":"T3-mediated expression of PGC-1\u03b1 via a far upstream located thyroid hormone response element","volume":"287","author":"Wulf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E892","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.267.6.E892","article-title":"Regional variations in metabolic responses of white adipose tissue to food restriction","volume":"267","author":"Sugden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.03.031","article-title":"TRH injected into the nucleus accumbens shell releases dopamine and reduces feeding motivation in rats","volume":"306","author":"Puga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-100-6-1727","article-title":"Suppression of feeding and drinking activity in rats following intraventricular injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) 1","volume":"100","author":"Vijayan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(82)90078-8","article-title":"Intracranial injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) suppresses starvation-induced feeding and drinking in rats","volume":"17","author":"Suzuki","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(02)00784-9","article-title":"TRH decreases food intake and increases water intake and body temperature in rats","volume":"77","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4513","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220574","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y1 and Y5 Receptors Mediate the Effects of Neuropeptide Y on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis","volume":"143","author":"Fekete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.6.8207","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y Has a Central Inhibitory Action on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis","volume":"142","author":"Fekete","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00851.1997","article-title":"Differential Influence of Associative and Nonassociative Learning Mechanisms on the Responsiveness of Prefrontal and Accumbal Dopamine Transmission to Food Stimuli in Rats Fed Ad Libitum","volume":"17","author":"Bassareo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90324-1","article-title":"Feeding and hypothalamic stimulation increase dopamine turnover in the accumbens","volume":"44","author":"Hernandez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3823-03.2004","article-title":"Dopamine Operates as a Subsecond Modulator of Food Seeking","volume":"24","author":"Roitman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13105","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2105-10.2010","article-title":"Weight Gain Is Associated with Reduced Striatal Response to Palatable Food","volume":"30","author":"Stice","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.08.023","article-title":"Leptin Receptor Signaling in Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Regulates Feeding","volume":"51","author":"Hommel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.006","article-title":"Leptin Regulation of the Mesoaccumbens Dopamine Pathway","volume":"51","author":"Fulton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/5\/1164\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:42:31Z","timestamp":1760121751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/5\/1164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15051164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15051164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]}}}