{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:17:47Z","timestamp":1787163467364,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This overview review aimed to describe the evolution of the characteristics of the research on caffeine effects on strength. A total of 189 experimental studies with 3459 participants were included. The median sample size was 15 participants, with an over-representation of men vs. women (79.4 vs. 20.6%). Studies on young participants and elders were scarce (4.2%). Most studies tested a single dose of caffeine (87.3%), while 72.0% used doses adjusted to body mass. Single-dose studies ranged from 1.7 to 7 mg\/kg (4.8 \u00b1 1.4 mg\/kg), while dose\u2013response studies ranged from 1 to 12 mg\/kg. Caffeine was mixed with other substances in 27.0% of studies, although only 10.1% of studies analyzed the caffeine interaction with these substances. Capsules (51.9%) and beverages (41.3%) were the most common forms of caffeine administration. Similar proportions of studies focused on upper (24.9%) or lower body strength 37.6% (37.6% both). Participants\u2019 daily intake of caffeine was reported in 68.3% of studies. Overall, the pattern in the study of caffeine\u2019s effects on strength performance has been carried out with experiments including 11\u201315 adults, using a single and moderate dose of caffeine adjusted to participants\u2019 body mass in the form of a capsule.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1677463150000},"page":"1178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Long Way to Establish the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine on Strength Performance: An Overview Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Gir\u00e1ldez-Costas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Strength Training & Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5785-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Del Coso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asier","family":"Ma\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center UCM-ISCIII for Human Evolution and Behavior, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4153-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Salinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Castilla-La Mancha University, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198502030-00002","article-title":"Caffeine and Endurance Performance","volume":"2","author":"Powers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.23.1.34","article-title":"Health and Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine","volume":"23","author":"Jacobson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. 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