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Methods: 200 infants who were admitted at gestational ages 23\u201327 weeks between 2011 and 2018; survived to discharge; and underwent longitudinal HC growth measurements at birth, term-equivalent age (TEA), corrected age (CA) 6-month, 12-month, and 24-month; and neurodevelopmental assessment using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at CA 24 months were included for analysis. Results: kmlShape analysis identified two distinct enteral feeding progression patterns: fast progression in 131 (66%) infants and slow progression in 69 (34%) infants. Compared to the fast progression group, the slow progression group showed significantly lower daily enteral volumes after day 13, was older in postnatal age reaching full feeding, had a higher rate of Delta z scores of HC (zHC) &lt; \u22121 (p &lt; 0.001) between birth and TEA, and displayed lower longitudinal zHC from TEA to CA 24 months. The slow progression group also showed higher rates of microcephaly [42% vs. 16%, p &lt; 0.001; adjusted odd ratio (aOR): 3.269, p = 0.001] and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) (38% vs. 19%, p = 0.007; aOR: 2.095, p = 0.035) at CA 24 months. For NDI, the model including feeding progression patterns showed a lower Akaike information criterion score and a better goodness of fit than the model that did not include feeding patterns. Conclusion: Characterizing feeding progression pattern may help identify EP infants at high-risk of head-size growth faltering and NDI at early childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T01:35:30Z","timestamp":1678066530000},"page":"1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early-Life Slow Enteral Feeding Progression Pattern Is Associated with Longitudinal Head-Size Growth Faltering and Neurodevelopmental Impairment Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Chieh","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-377X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Hsiang","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Institute of Data Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray-Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Institute of Data Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Ching","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30308-0","article-title":"Childhood neurodevelopmental outcome following extremely preterm birth","volume":"2","author":"Shankaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. 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