{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:10:31Z","timestamp":1790788231741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims: To evaluate the association between metabolically healthy overweight\/obesity (MHO) status and longitudinal cognitive function while also considering the stability of the condition. Methods: In total, 2892 participants (mean age 60.7 (9.4) years) from Framingham Offspring Study completed health assessments every four years since 1971. Neuropsychological testing was repeated every four years starting from 1999 (Exam 7) to 2014 (Exam 9) (mean follow-up: 12.9 (3.5) years). Standardized neuropsychological tests were constructed into three factor scores (general cognitive performance, memory, processing speed\/executive function). Healthy metabolic status was defined as the absence of all NCEP ATP III (2005) criteria (excluding waist circumference). MHO participants who scored positively for one or more of NCEP ATPIII parameters in the follow-up period were defined as unresilient MHO. Results: No significant difference on the change in cognitive function over time was observed between MHO and metabolically healthy normal weight (MHN) individuals (all p &gt; 0.05). However, a lower processing speed\/executive functioning scale score was observed in unresilient MHO participants compared to resilient MHO participants (\u03b2 = \u22120.76; 95% CI = \u22121.44, \u22120.08; p = 0.030). Conclusions: Retaining a healthy metabolic status over time represents a more important discriminant in shaping cognitive function compared to body weight alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T01:35:30Z","timestamp":1678066530000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obesity, Transition to Metabolically Unhealthy Status and Cognitive Function: Results from the Framingham Offspring Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Matina","family":"Kouvari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, Ngunnawal Country, ACT 2617, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4616-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"M. D\u2019Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, Ngunnawal Country, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Tsiampalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5283-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manja","family":"Zec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3001-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Sergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaj","family":"Travica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food & Mood Centre, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine (IMPACT), Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8556-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food & Mood Centre, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine (IMPACT), Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McKune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, Ngunnawal Country, ACT 2617, Australia"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8583-153X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demosthenes B.","family":"Panagiotakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, Ngunnawal Country, ACT 2617, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2841-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nenad","family":"Naumovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, Ngunnawal Country, ACT 2617, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"Bentham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30074-9","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: Pooled analysis of individual-level data for 120 813 adults from 16 cohort studies from the USA and Europe","volume":"2","author":"Kuosma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"GBD 2019 (2022). 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