{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:11:26Z","timestamp":1769721086029,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["SQ2017YFSF090013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2017YFSF090013"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2017YFC0907203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907203"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["82160640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160640"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["New Education Letter [2022] No. 112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Education Letter [2022] No. 112"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SQ2017YFSF090013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2017YFSF090013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0907203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82160640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["New Education Letter [2022] No. 112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Education Letter [2022] No. 112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["SQ2017YFSF090013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2017YFSF090013"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2017YFC0907203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907203"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["82160640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160640"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["New Education Letter [2022] No. 112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Education Letter [2022] No. 112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although previous studies have shown an association between clinically used antibiotics and type 2 diabetes, the relationship between antibiotic exposure from food and drinking water and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults is unclear. ObjectivE: This study was aimed at exploring the relationship between antibiotic exposures from different sources and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older people, through urinary antibiotic biomonitoring. MethodS: A total of 525 adults who were 45\u201375 years of age were recruited from Xinjiang in 2019. The total urinary concentrations of 18 antibiotics in five classes (tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides and chloramphenicol) commonly used in daily life were measured via isotope dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The antibiotics included four human antibiotics, four veterinary antibiotics and ten preferred veterinary antibiotics. The hazard quotient (HQ) of each antibiotic and the hazard index (HI) based on the mode of antibiotic use and effect endpoint classification were also calculated. Type 2 diabetes was defined on the basis of international levels. Results: The overall detection rate of the 18 antibiotics in middle-aged and older adults was 51.0%. The concentration, daily exposure dose, HQ, and HI were relatively high in participants with type 2 diabetes. After model adjustment for covariates, participants with HI &gt; 1 for microbial effects (OR = 3.442, 95%CI: 1.423\u20138.327), HI &gt; 1 for preferred veterinary antibiotic use (OR = 3.348, 95%CI: 1.386\u20138.083), HQ &gt; 1 for norfloxacin (OR = 10.511, 96%CI: 1.571\u201370.344) and HQ &gt; 1 for ciprofloxacin (OR = 6.565, 95%CI: 1.676\u201325.715) had a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Certain antibiotic exposures, mainly those from sources associated with food and drinking water, generate health risks and are associated with type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults. Because of this study\u2019s cross-sectional design, additional prospective studies and experimental studies are needed to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T01:35:30Z","timestamp":1678066530000},"page":"1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association between Antibiotic Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-Aged and Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deqi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8456-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hexing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilihumaer","family":"Aili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahegu","family":"Yimingniyazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingwu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00249","article-title":"History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds","volume":"86","author":"Castanon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. 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