{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:20:06Z","timestamp":1791930006218,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education under the name \u201cREGIONALNA INICJATYWA DOSKONA\u0141O\u015aCI\u201d in 2019\u20132022","award":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease associated with the pathological accumulation of lipids inside hepatocytes. Untreated NAFL can progress to non-alcoholic hepatitis (NASH), followed by fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The common denominator of the above-mentioned metabolic disorders seems to be insulin resistance, which occurs in NAFLD patients. Obesity is the greatest risk factor for lipid accumulation inside hepatocytes, but a part of the NAFLD patient population has a normal body weight according to the BMI index. Obese people with or without NAFLD have a higher incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and those suffering from NAFLD show increased intestinal permeability, including a more frequent presence of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine (SIBO). The health consequences of SIBO are primarily malabsorption disorders (vitamin B12, iron, choline, fats, carbohydrates and proteins) and bile salt deconjugation. Undetected and untreated SIBO may lead to nutrient and\/or energy malnutrition, thus directly impairing liver function (e.g., folic acid and choline deficiency). However, whether SIBO contributes to liver dysfunction, decreased intestinal barrier integrity, increased inflammation, endotoxemia and bacterial translocation is not yet clear. In this review, we focus on gut\u2013liver axis and discuss critical points, novel insights and the role of nutrition, lifestyle, pre- and probiotics, medication and supplements in the therapy and prevention of both SIBO and NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T01:58:22Z","timestamp":1678240702000},"page":"1323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: What Do We Know in 2023?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Gudan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2429-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Koz\u0142owska-Petriczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-211 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8740-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Wunsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-211 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Bodnarczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artimed, Ks. Piotra \u015aciegiennego 27, 70-354 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4009-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Stachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouwels, S., Sakran, N., Graham, Y., Leal, A., Pintar, T., Yang, W., Kassir, R., Singhal, R., Mahawar, K., and Ramnarain, D. (2022). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A review of pathophysiology, clinical management and effects of weight loss. BMC Endocr. 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