{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:58:39Z","timestamp":1790693919121,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Vinculaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["RR 2267-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR 2267-19"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Vinculaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["SECyT-UNC 411\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECyT-UNC 411\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Vinculaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["SECyT-UNC 113\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECyT-UNC 113\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda from Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba (SECyT)","award":["RR 2267-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR 2267-19"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda from Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba (SECyT)","award":["SECyT-UNC 411\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECyT-UNC 411\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda from Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba (SECyT)","award":["SECyT-UNC 113\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECyT-UNC 113\/2018"]}]},{"name":"LACE Laboratories SA","award":["RR 2267-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR 2267-19"]}]},{"name":"LACE Laboratories SA","award":["SECyT-UNC 411\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECyT-UNC 411\/2018"]}]},{"name":"LACE Laboratories SA","award":["SECyT-UNC 113\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECyT-UNC 113\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, and multifactorial disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue (AT), and is associated with inflammation mainly in white adipose tissue (WAT) and an increase in pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and other immune cells. This milieu favors the secretion of cytokines and adipokines, contributing to AT dysfunction (ATD) and metabolic dysregulation. Numerous articles link specific changes in the gut microbiota (GM) to the development of obesity and its associated disorders, highlighting the role of diet, particularly fatty acid composition, in modulating the taxonomic profile. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a medium-fat-content diet (11%) supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids (D2) on the development of obesity, and on the composition of the GM compared with a control diet with a low fat content (4%) (D1) over a 6-month period. The effect of omega-3 supplementation on metabolic parameters and the modulation of the immunological microenvironment in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was also evaluated. Six-weeks-old mice were adapted for two weeks and then divided into two groups of eight mice each: a control group D1 and the experimental group D2. Their body weight was recorded at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks post-differential feeding and stool samples were simultaneously collected to determine the GM composition. Four mice per group were sacrificed on week 24 and their VAT was taken to determine the immune cells phenotypes (M1 or M2 macrophages) and inflammatory biomarkers. Blood samples were used to determine the glucose, total LDL and HDL cholesterol LDL, HDL and total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes, leptin, and adiponectin. Body weight measurement showed significant differences at 4 (D1 = 32.0 \u00b1 2.0 g vs. D2 = 36.2 \u00b1 4.5 g, p-value = 0.0339), 12 (D1 = 35.7 \u00b1 4.1 g vs. D2 = 45.3 \u00b1 4.9 g, p-value = 0.0009), and 24 weeks (D1 = 37.5 \u00b1 4.7 g vs. D2 = 47.9 \u00b1 4.7, p-value = 0.0009). The effects of diet on the GM composition changed over time: in the first 12 weeks, \u03b1 and \u03b2 diversity differed considerably according to diet and weight increase. In contrast, at 24 weeks, the composition, although still different between groups D1 and D2, showed changes compared with previous samples, suggesting the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in D2. With regard to metabolic analysis, the results did not reveal relevant changes in biomarkers in accordance with AT studies showing an anti-inflammatory environment and conserved structure and function, which is in contrast to reported findings for pathogenic obesity. In conclusion, the results suggest that the constant and sustained administration of omega-3 fatty acids induced specific changes in GM composition, mainly with increases in Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus species, which, in turn, modulated the immune metabolic response of AT in this mouse model of obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Omega-3-Supplemented Fat Diet Drives Immune Metabolic Response in Visceral Adipose Tissue by Modulating Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9stor D.","family":"Portela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular, LACE Laboratorios, C\u00f3rdoba X5000JJS, Argentina"},{"name":"Unidad Asociada \u00c1rea Ciencias Agrarias, Ingenier\u00eda, Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5016DHK, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Galv\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular, LACE Laboratorios, C\u00f3rdoba X5000JJS, Argentina"},{"name":"Unidad Asociada \u00c1rea Ciencias Agrarias, Ingenier\u00eda, Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5016DHK, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana M.","family":"Sanmarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica e Inmunolog\u00eda (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gast\u00f3n","family":"Bergero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica e Inmunolog\u00eda (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6897-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P.","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica e Inmunolog\u00eda (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana C.","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Asociada \u00c1rea Ciencias Agrarias, Ingenier\u00eda, Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5016DHK, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana A.","family":"Pesoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular, LACE Laboratorios, C\u00f3rdoba X5000JJS, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lobstein, T., Brinsden, H., and Neveux, M. 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