{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:07Z","timestamp":1787029207124,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016TQ03R517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016TQ03R517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201803010038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803010038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013111","name":"Tip-top Scientific and Technical Innovative Youth Talents of Guangdong special support program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013111","name":"Tip-top Scientific and Technical Innovative Youth Talents of Guangdong special support program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016TQ03R517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016TQ03R517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013111","name":"Tip-top Scientific and Technical Innovative Youth Talents of Guangdong special support program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013111","name":"Tip-top Scientific and Technical Innovative Youth Talents of Guangdong special support program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201803010038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803010038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016TQ03R517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016TQ03R517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201803010038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803010038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology program","award":["81872613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872613"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology program","award":["2016TQ03R517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016TQ03R517"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology program","award":["81872069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872069"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology program","award":["201803010038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803010038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Targeting Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism has emerged as a promising anti-cancer strategy; we aimed to explore the health benefits of boosting NAD levels with nicotinamide riboside (NR) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We established three in vivo tumor models, including subcutaneous transplantation tumor model in both Balb\/c nude mice (xenograft), C57BL\/6J mice (allograft), and hematogenous metastatic neoplasm in nude mice. NR (400 mg\/kg bw) was supplied daily in gavage. In-situ tumor growth or noninvasive bioluminescence were measured to evaluate the effect of NR on the HCC process. HepG2 cells were treated with transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) in the absence\/presence of NR in vitro. We found that NR supplementation alleviated malignancy-induced weight loss and metastasis to lung in nude mice in both subcutaneous xenograft and hematogenous metastasis models. NR supplementation decreased metastasis to the bone and liver in the hematogenous metastasis model. NR supplementation also significantly decreased the size of allografted tumors and extended the survival time in C57BL\/6J mice. In vitro experiments showed that NR intervention inhibited the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells triggered by TGF-\u03b2. In summary, our results supply evidence that boosting NAD levels by supplementing NR alleviates HCC progression and metastasis, which may serve as an effective treatment for the suppression of HCC progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T02:29:59Z","timestamp":1679020199000},"page":"1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Precursor Suppresses Hepatocellular Cancer Progression in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nengzhi","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianrong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Department of Women Health Care, Guangzhou Baiyun District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou 510400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunization Programmes, Guangzhou Huadu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2626-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingtong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huizhou First Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huizhou 516007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evandro Fei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mianrong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Center, Translational Medicine Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Center, Translational Medicine Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Llovet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713263","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"380","author":"Villanueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.18","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"2","author":"Llovet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00360-4","article-title":"Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy","volume":"38","author":"Imamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00311-7","article-title":"NAD metabolism: Pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"5","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3340","article-title":"The NAD metabolome--a key determinant of cancer cell biology","volume":"12","author":"Chiarugi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00622","article-title":"NAD Metabolism in Cancer Therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Yaku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanem, M., Monacelli, F., and Nencioni, A. (2021). Advances in NAD-Lowering Agents for Cancer Treatment. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051665"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.08.032","article-title":"Downregulation of a mitochondrial micropeptide, MPM, promotes hepatoma metastasis by enhancing mitochondrial complex I activity","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"7231","article-title":"FK866 inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocarcinoma MHCC97-H cells","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.10.002","article-title":"Inhibition of de novo NAD(+) synthesis by oncogenic URI causes liver tumorigenesis through DNA damage","volume":"26","author":"Tummala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2014.08.006","article-title":"Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase can affect metastatic activity and cell adhesive functions by regulating integrins in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Santidrian","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Repair."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64264","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I activity and NAD+\/NADH balance regulate breast cancer progression","volume":"123","author":"Santidrian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA118.000882","article-title":"Decreased NAD Activates STAT3 and Integrin Pathways to Drive Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2017.12.008","article-title":"ROS-Mediated 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Degradation via Cysteine Oxidation Promotes NAD+-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2017.167","article-title":"MCU-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ inhibits NAD+\/SIRT3\/SOD2 pathway to promote ROS production and metastasis of HCC cells","volume":"36","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.74","article-title":"Upregulation of mitochondrial NAD levels impairs the clonogenicity of SSEA1 glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells","volume":"49","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehmel, M., Jovanovic, N., and Spitz, U. (2020). Nicotinamide Riboside-The Current State of Research and Therapeutic Uses. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061616"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12948","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12948","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans","volume":"7","author":"Trammell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.04.006","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside attenuates alcohol induced liver injuries via activation of SirT1\/PGC-1alpha\/mitochondrial biosynthesis pathway","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.064","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside protects against liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 via regulating the acetylation of Smads signaling pathway","volume":"225","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28912","article-title":"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis promotes liver regeneration","volume":"65","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001924","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside relieves paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy and enhances suppressCCion of tumor growth in tumor-bearing rats","volume":"161","author":"Hamity","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201301012","DOI":"10.5936\/csbj.201301012","article-title":"Targeted, LCMS-based Metabolomics for Quantitative Measurement of NAD+ Metabolites","volume":"4","author":"Trammell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.21035","article-title":"Combined Inhibitions of Glycolysis and AKT\/autophagy Can Overcome Resistance to EGFR-targeted Therapy of Lung Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-0243","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 as a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Giannelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00436-9","article-title":"Targeting TGFbeta signal transduction for cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2468","article-title":"Hypoxia, HIF1 and glucose metabolism in the solid tumour","volume":"8","author":"Denko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.06.005","article-title":"The pentose phosphate pathway and cancer","volume":"39","author":"Patra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1672","article-title":"NAD+\/NADH and NADP+\/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: Regulation and biological consequences","volume":"10","author":"Ying","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.10.027","article-title":"NAD salvage pathway in cancer metabolism and therapy","volume":"114","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.12.005","article-title":"Geroncogenesis: Metabolic changes during aging as a driver of tumorigenesis","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-020-01447-w","article-title":"Steps in metastasis: An updated review","volume":"38","author":"Majidpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: A hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2016.11.008","article-title":"Targeting TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Colak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Baker, D., and Ten Dijke, P. (2019). TGF-beta-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112767"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2014.09.001","article-title":"Signaling pathway cooperation in TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"31","author":"Derynck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01569-x","article-title":"Targeting TGF-beta signal transduction for fibrosis and cancer therapy","volume":"21","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2019.105635","article-title":"NAD(+) repletion inhibits the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-beta in endothelial cells through improving mitochondrial unfolded protein response","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119299","article-title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis by regulating oxidative stress and Smad3 acetylation","volume":"274","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa039","article-title":"HDAC8 cooperates with SMAD3\/4 complex to suppress SIRT7 and promote cell survival and migration","volume":"48","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G262","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00129.2021","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 agonist fenofibrate attenuates iron-induced liver injury in mice by modulating the Sirt3 and \u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"321","author":"Mandala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"4","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.10.001","article-title":"Cancer Cachexia: More Than Skeletal Muscle Wasting","volume":"4","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.016","article-title":"Modeling Human Cancer-induced Cachexia","volume":"28","author":"Talbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4377","article-title":"Effect of antidepressants on body weight, ethology and tumor growth of human pancreatic carcinoma xenografts in nude mice","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665493","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.665493","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside Vitamin B3 Mitigated C26 Adenocarcinoma-Induced Cancer Cachexia","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/6\/1447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:15Z","timestamp":1760122635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/6\/1447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15061447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15061447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}