{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:41:01Z","timestamp":1760125261238,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This population-based cross-sectional cohort study investigated the association of the Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet as well as supplement intake with gray-scale median (GSM) and the presence of carotid plaques comparing women and men. Low GSM is associated with plaque vulnerability. Ten thousand participants of the Hamburg City Health Study aged 45\u201374 underwent carotid ultrasound examination. We analyzed plaque presence in all participants plus GSM in those having plaques (n = 2163). Dietary patterns and supplement intake were assessed via a food frequency questionnaire. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations between dietary patterns, supplement intake and GSM plus plaque presence. Linear regressions showed an association between higher GSM and folate intake only in men (+9.12, 95% CI (1.37, 16.86), p = 0.021). High compared to intermediate adherence to the DASH diet was associated with higher odds for carotid plaques (OR = 1.18, 95% CI (1.02, 1.36), p = 0.027, adjusted). Odds for plaque presence were higher for men, older age, low education, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and smoking. In this study, the intake of most supplements, as well as DASH or Mediterranean diet, was not significantly associated with GSM for women or men. Future research is needed to clarify the influence, especially of the folate intake and DASH diet, on the presence and vulnerability of plaques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T02:38:27Z","timestamp":1679279907000},"page":"1468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cross-Sectional Association of Dietary Patterns and Supplement Intake with Presence and Gray-Scale Median of Carotid Plaques\u2014A Comparison between Women and Men in the Population-Based Hamburg City Health Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4234-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Maria","family":"Assies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery Science\u2014Health Care Research and Prevention, Research Group Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Institute for Health Service Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistra\u00dfe 52, W26, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6924-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martje Dorothea","family":"S\u00e4ltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery Science\u2014Health Care Research and Prevention, Research Group Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Institute for Health Service Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistra\u00dfe 52, W26, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5832-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamburg Cancer Registry, 20097 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0406-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian-Alexander","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Jagodzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lohfert & Lohfert Working Group, 20148 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elina Larissa","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Twerenbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Blankenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1625-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Leander","family":"Rimmele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistra\u00dfe 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6tz","family":"Thomalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistra\u00dfe 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nataliya","family":"Makarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery Science\u2014Health Care Research and Prevention, Research Group Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Institute for Health Service Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistra\u00dfe 52, W26, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit-Christiane","family":"Zyriax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery Science\u2014Health Care Research and Prevention, Research Group Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Institute for Health Service Research in 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