{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:47:10Z","timestamp":1788356830813,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSP Starch Products Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of resistant starch at high doses have been well-characterized, but the potential prebiotic effects of resistant starch at doses comparable to oligosaccharide prebiotics have not been evaluated. A three-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of 3.5 g and 7 g daily doses of Solnul\u2122 resistant potato starch (RPS) on beneficial populations of gut bacteria and stool consistency after a 4-week period. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia was determined by employing 16Sv4 sequencing of stool samples. To assess the effect of RPS on laxation and bowel movements, stools were recorded and scored using the Bristol Stool Form Scale. Participants consuming 3.5 g\/day of RPS experienced significantly greater changes in Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia compared to the placebo after 4 weeks. The number of diarrhea- and constipation-associated bowel movements were both significantly lower in the 3.5 g RPS arm compared to the placebo group. Participants consuming 7 g of RPS responded similarly to those in the 3.5 g arm. Our analyses demonstrate that Solnul\u2122 RPS has a prebiotic effect when consumed for 4 weeks at the 3.5 g per day dose, stimulating increases in beneficial health-associated bacteria and reducing diarrhea- and constipation-associated bowel movements when compared to the placebo group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1679647383000},"page":"1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Consumption of Solnul\u2122 Resistant Potato Starch Produces a Prebiotic Effect in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Bush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MSP Starch Products Inc., Carberry, MB R0K 0H0, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Baisley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrasource Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Services, Guelph, ON N1G 0B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott V.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0540-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Alfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AlfaMed Consulting, Winnipeg, MB R2M 5M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960178","article-title":"Measurement of resistant starch in vitro and in vivo","volume":"75","author":"Englyst","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00076.x","article-title":"Resistant Starch? A Review","volume":"5","author":"Sajilata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.10.019","article-title":"Resistant Starch Content in Foods Commonly Consumed in the United States: A Narrative Review","volume":"120","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.006","article-title":"Precision Microbiome Modulation with Discrete Dietary Fiber Structures Directs Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production","volume":"27","author":"Deehan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1139\/y91-018","article-title":"Measurement of starch fermentation in the human large intestine","volume":"69","author":"Cummings","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Landon, S., Colyer, C.G.B., and Salman, H. (2023, February 27). The Resistant Starch Report. Food Australia Supplement. Available online: https:\/\/www.ingredion.com\/content\/dam\/ingredion\/pdf-downloads\/apac\/APAC_2013_Hi-maize_The_Resistant_Starch_Report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0041","article-title":"Resistant starch, large bowel fermentation and a broader perspective of prebiotics and probiotics","volume":"1","author":"Bird","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa232","article-title":"Usual Dietary Intake of Resistant Starch in US Adults from NHANES 2015\u20132016","volume":"150","author":"Miketinas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Dietary fibre, non-starch polysaccharides and resistant starch: A review","volume":"48","author":"Baghurst","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Aust."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960177","article-title":"Digestion and physiological properties of resistant starch in the human large bowel","volume":"75","author":"Cummings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480903130538","article-title":"Beneficial effects of resistant starch on laxation in healthy adults","volume":"60","author":"Maki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12653","article-title":"Effect of high amylose resistant starch (HAM-RS2) supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Khosroshahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.10.011","article-title":"Combinations of laxatives and green banana biomass on the treatment of functional constipation in children and adolescents: A randomized study","volume":"95","author":"Cassettari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00260","article-title":"A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial to Determine the Impact of Digestion Resistant Starch MSPrebiotic\u00ae on Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance in Elderly and Mid-Age Adults","volume":"4","author":"Alfa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodinham, C.L., Smith, L., Wright, J., Frost, G.S., and Robertson, M.D. (2012). Dietary Fibre Improves First-phase Insulin Secretion in Overweight Individuals. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040834"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2015.09.005","article-title":"Is there any place for resistant starch, as alimentary prebiotic, for patients with type 2 diabetes?","volume":"23","author":"Gargari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000441683","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Resistant Starch in Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Endotoxemia, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"68","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy121","article-title":"Effect of 12 wk of resistant starch supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with prediabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.3.559","article-title":"Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism","volume":"82","author":"Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.152975","article-title":"Resistant Starch from High-Amylose Maize Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight and Obese Men","volume":"142","author":"Maki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02923.x","article-title":"Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Johnston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.239418","article-title":"Resistant Starch Bagels Reduce Fasting and Postprandial Insulin in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"146","author":"Dainty","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0062-5","article-title":"Baseline insulin sensitivity affects response to high-amylose maize resistant starch in women: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Gower","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.04.001","article-title":"Impact of resistant starch from unripe banana flour on hunger, satiety, and glucose homeostasis in healthy volunteers","volume":"24","author":"Giuntini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-010-0190-4","article-title":"In Vitro Colonic Fermentation and Glycemic Response of Different Kinds of Unripe Banana Flour","volume":"65","author":"Menezes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7051953","article-title":"Effects of Native Banana Starch Supplementation on Body Weight and Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Type 2 Diabetics","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drake, A.M., Coughlan, M.T., Christophersen, C.T., and Snelson, M. (2022). Resistant Starch as a Dietary Intervention to Limit the Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214547"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06009-1","article-title":"A randomized double-blind cross-over trial to study the effects of resistant starch prebiotic in chronic kidney disease (ReSPECKD)","volume":"23","author":"Shamloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02566-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02566-18","article-title":"Dynamics of Human Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Response to Dietary Interventions with Three Fermentable Fibers","volume":"10","author":"Baxter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.03.025","article-title":"A randomized trial to determine the impact of a digestion resistant starch composition on the gut microbiome in older and mid-age adults","volume":"37","author":"Alfa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"788","article-title":"Resistant Starch Type-2 Supplementation Does Not Decrease Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Plasma Level in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"41","author":"Kemp","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong, J.V.N., Miketinas, D., Moore, L.W., Nguyen, D.T., Graviss, E.A., Ajami, N., and Patterson, M.A. (2022). Precision Nutrition Model Predicts Glucose Control of Overweight Females Following the Consumption of Potatoes High in Resistant Starch. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020268"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12753","article-title":"Amylose resistant starch (HAM-RS2) supplementation increases the proportion of Faecalibacterium bacteria in end-stage renal disease patients: Microbial analysis from a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Laffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: Open-Source, Platform-Independent, Community-Supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0178-x","article-title":"Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch","volume":"4","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987216","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.987216","article-title":"The gastrointestinal and microbiome impact of a resistant starch blend from potato, banana, and apple fibers: A randomized clinical trial using smart caps","volume":"9","author":"Hanes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool Form Scale as a Useful Guide to Intestinal Transit Time","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Tukey, J. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis, Addison-Wesley Pub Co.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2021.100794","article-title":"Differences in faecal microbiome composition between adult patients with UCD and PKU and healthy control subjects","volume":"29","author":"Timmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201903-270OC","article-title":"Measures of Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiota during Periods of Clinical Stability","volume":"16","author":"Caverly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00060-18","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00060-18","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Analysis Identifies Potential Etiological Factors in Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"86","author":"Underwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2019.10.008","article-title":"Resistant starch: Impact on the gut microbiome and health","volume":"61","author":"DeMartino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i15.2696","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the healthy gut microbiota composition at phyla and species level: A preliminary study","volume":"23","author":"Toscano","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0028","article-title":"Probiotic or synbiotic alters the gut microbiota and metabolism in a randomised controlled trial of weight management in overweight adults","volume":"10","author":"Hibberd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"24","article-title":"Short-Term Tolerability, Safety, and Gut Microbial Composition Responses to a Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplement: An Open-Label Study in Healthy Adults","volume":"20","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3569","article-title":"Randomized trial assessing impact of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiome and clinical outcome from targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Dizman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754401","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.754401","article-title":"Adjuvant Probiotics of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, L. johnsonii MH-68, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CP-9 Attenuate Glycemic Levels and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01343-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01343-17","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Resistant Starch on the Human Gut Microbiome, Metaproteome, and Metabolome","volume":"8","author":"Maier","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4236","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice","volume":"23","author":"Plovier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: Paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519000576","article-title":"Beneficial effects of green banana biomass consumption in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"121","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.05.005","article-title":"Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02873-0","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium","volume":"54","author":"Derrien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.10.003","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Inulin Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota Composition and Derived Metabolites of Individuals Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Pilot Study","volume":"31","author":"Biruete","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.672925","article-title":"Low-Dose Lactulose as a Prebiotic for Improved Gut Health and Enhanced Mineral Absorption","volume":"8","author":"Karakan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.021","article-title":"Understanding the Physics of Functional Fibers in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An Evidence-Based Approach to Resolving Enduring Misconceptions about Insoluble and Soluble Fiber","volume":"117","author":"McRorie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X","article-title":"Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Oka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa074","article-title":"Effect of chicory inulin-type fructan\u2013containing snack bars on the human gut microbiota in low dietary fiber consumers in a randomized crossover trial","volume":"111","author":"Reimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/7\/1582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:24Z","timestamp":1760122944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/7\/1582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15071582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15071582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}