{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:00:56Z","timestamp":1760148056478,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]},{"name":"the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]},{"name":"the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG The Netherlands)","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]},{"name":"University of Groningen","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]},{"name":"the Northern Provinces of the Netherlands","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]},{"name":"UMCG Genetics Lifelines Initiative (UGLI)","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]},{"name":"NWO","award":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["728018 (Eat2beNICE\/H2020-SFS-2016-2)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigated whether an unhealthy diet and other lifestyle behaviors may modify the genetic susceptibility to impulsivity. A total of 33,047 participants (mean age = 42.1 years, 59.8% females) from the Dutch Lifelines cohort were included. Each diet index and other lifestyle behaviors were tested for their interactions on the effect on the attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) polygenic risk score (PRS) on impulsivity using a linear regression model with adjustment for covariates. The ADHD PRS was significantly associated with impulsivity (B = 0.03 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.04); p = 2.61 \u00d7 10\u22129). A poorer diet, a higher intake of energy, and a higher intake of fat were all associated with higher impulsivity, and a high intake of energy amplified the effect of ADHD PRS on impulsivity (e.g., for the interaction term of ADHD PRS and highest tertile on intake of energy, B = 0.038 (95% CI: 0.014, 0.062); p = 0.002. The other lifestyle factors, namely short and long sleep duration, current and past smoking, higher alcohol intake, and more time spent on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were associated with higher impulsivity, but no interaction effect was observed. In conclusion, we found that a high intake of energy exacerbated the genetic susceptibility to impulsivity. Our study helps to improve our understanding of the role of diet and genetic factors on impulsivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1679967694000},"page":"1625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Do Poor Diet and Lifestyle Behaviors Modify the Genetic Susceptibility to Impulsivity in the General Population?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizanne J. S.","family":"Schweren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, 70172 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebba","family":"Du Rietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7865-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Haavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5012 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liv","family":"Grimstvedt Kvalvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berit Skretting","family":"Solberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Child- and Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatient Unit, Hospital Betanien, 5143 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Klungs\u00f8yr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 5015 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harold","family":"Snieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharina A.","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783","article-title":"Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity","volume":"158","author":"Moeller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. 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