{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:03:13Z","timestamp":1770224593263,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2023R428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R428"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been declared a worldwide pandemic. The severity of COVID-19 varies greatly across infected individuals. Possible factors may include plasma levels of 25(OH)D and vitamin D binding protein (DBP), as both are involved in the host immune response. Other possible nutrition-related factors include malnutrition and\/or obesity which disrupt the optimal host immune response to infections. Current literature shows inconsistent evidence about the association of plasma 25(OH)D3 and DBP on infection severity and clinical outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed to measure plasma 25(OH)D3 and DBP in hospitalized COVID-19 cases and assess their correlation with infection severity, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcome. Methods: 167 patients were included in this analytical cross-sectional study, of which 81 were critical and 86 were non-critical hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Plasma levels of 25(OH)D3, DBP, and the inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1 were assessed using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Information regarding biochemical and anthropometrical indices, hospital length of stay (LoS), and illness outcome was obtained from the medical records. Results: Plasma 25(OH)D3 level was found to be significantly lower in critical compared to non-critical patients (Median = 8.38 (IQR = 2.33) vs. 9.83 (IQR = 3.03) nmol\/L, respectively; p &lt; 0.001), and it positively correlated with hospital LoS. However, plasma 25(OH)D3 did not correlate with mortality or any of the inflammatory markers. DBP on the other hand correlated positively with mortality (rs = 0.188, p = 0.015) and hospital LoS (rs = 0.233, p = 0.002). DBP was significantly higher in critical than non-critical patients (Median = 1262.18 (IQR = 463.66) vs. 1153.35 (IQR = 418.46) ng\/mL, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in critical than non-critical patients. However, no differences were found in IL-10, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10\/TNF-\u03b1, TNF-\u03b1\/IL-10, IL-6\/IL-10, or CRP between groups. Conclusion: The current study found that critical COVID-19 patients had lower 25(OH)D3 than non-critical patients, yet, levels were found to be suboptimal in both groups. Further, critical patients had higher DBP levels as compared to non-critical patients. This finding may encourage future research to unravel the effects of this understudied protein that appears to have significant associations with inflammation, even though the precise mechanism is unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1681096794000},"page":"1818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Correlation of Plasma 25(OH)D3 and Vitamin D Binding Protein Levels with COVID-19 Severity and Outcome in Hospitalized Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajude","family":"Alabdullatif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Almnaizel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Naif for Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2074-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Alhijji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3433-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldanah","family":"Alshathri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Albarrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman","family":"Bindayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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