{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:06:32Z","timestamp":1792181192397,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C3011850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C3011850"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea)","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea)","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C3011850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C3011850"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea)","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01074518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C3011850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C3011850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaginal dysbiosis can lead to serious infections in asymptomatic women. Lactobacillus probiotics (LBPs) are being investigated as a promising therapy for reversing vaginal microbiota dysbiosis. This study aimed to investigate whether administering LBPs could improve vaginal dysbiosis and facilitate the colonization of Lactobacillus species in asymptomatic women. 36 asymptomatic women were classified based on the Nugent score as Low-NS (n = 26) and High-NS (n = 10) groups. A combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CBT LR5, and Lactobacillus reuteri CBT LU4 was administered orally for 6 weeks. The study found that among women with a High-NS, 60% showed improved vaginal dysbiosis with a Low-NS after LBP intake, while four retained a High-NS. Among women with a Low-NS, 11.5 % switched to a High-NS. Genera associated with vaginal dysbiosis were positively correlated with the alpha diversity or NS, while a negative correlation was observed between Lactobacillus and the alpha diversity and with the NS. Vaginal dysbiosis in asymptomatic women with an HNS improved after 6 weeks of LBP intake, and qRT-PCR revealed the colonization of Lactobacillus spp. in the vagina. These results suggested that oral administration of this LBP could improve vaginal health in asymptomatic women with an HNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T01:35:00Z","timestamp":1681349700000},"page":"1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Lactobacillus Probiotics Improve Vaginal Dysbiosis in Asymptomatic Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"AbuZar","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9435-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dooheon","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-8385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Min","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8142-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunwha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Ah","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gain","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungbeom","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusook","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghyun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31823ea228","article-title":"The microbiota of the vagina and its influence on women\u2019s health and disease","volume":"343","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Gajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.792787","article-title":"Contribution of Lactobacillus iners to vaginal health and diseases: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.11.1089","article-title":"Ecological dynamics of the vaginal microbiome in relation to health and disease","volume":"220","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines","volume":"70","author":"Workowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.001","article-title":"The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health","volume":"168","author":"Tachedjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271694","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota, host defence and reproductive physiology","volume":"595","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00081","article-title":"Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health","volume":"6","author":"Petrova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00164","article-title":"Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"6","author":"Aldunate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.12","article-title":"Differences in the composition of vaginal microbial communities found in healthy Caucasian and black women","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhelst, R., Verstraelen, H., Claeys, G., Verschraegen, G., Delanghe, J., Van Simaey, L., De Ganck, C., Temmerman, M., and Vaneechoutte, M. (2004). Cloning of 16S rRNA genes amplified from normal and disturbed vaginal microflora suggests a strong association between Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. BMC Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-4-16"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-15","article-title":"The human microbiome during bacterial vaginosis","volume":"29","author":"Onderdonk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.01.013","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiota and reproductive health: The virtue of simplicity","volume":"23","author":"Anahtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth","volume":"25","author":"Fettweis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2021.64.12.833","article-title":"Vaginal health in women and the possibility of predicting preterm birth through microbiome analysis","volume":"64","author":"Hur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, Z., Kong, J., Liu, F., Zhu, H., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Li, L., Nelson, K.E., Xia, Y., and Xiang, C. (2010). Molecular analysis of the diversity of vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-488"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-5-3","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health: From Metchnikoff to modern advances: Part II\u2013contemporary contextual research","volume":"5","author":"Bested","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318269fdd5","article-title":"FAO\/WHO guidelines on probiotics: 10 years later","volume":"46","author":"Morelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182","article-title":"The human microbiome: At the interface of health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"449","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"67","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJHP"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Promotion of early gut colonization by probiotic intervention on microbiota diversity in pregnant sows","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42380","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA08094A","article-title":"Gut microbiota as important modulator of metabolism in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1894070","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1894070","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis242","article-title":"Extravaginal reservoirs of vaginal bacteria as risk factors for incident bacterial vaginosis","volume":"205","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.117","article-title":"Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Gareau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0217","article-title":"Lactobacillus intestinalis YT2 restores the gut microbiota and improves menopausal symptoms in ovariectomized rats","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pino, A., Rapisarda, A.M.C., Vaccalluzzo, A., Sanfilippo, R.R., Coman, M.M., Grimaldi, R.L., Caggia, C., Randazzo, C.L., Russo, N., and Panella, M.M. (2023). Oral Intake of the Commercial Probiotic Blend Synbio\u00ae for the Management of Vaginal Dysbiosis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010027"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00208.x","article-title":"The extracellular biology of the lactobacilli","volume":"34","author":"Kleerebezem","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750479","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/750479","article-title":"The Human Vaginal Bacterial Biota and Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"2008","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2022.65.9.594","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of women with recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22311","article-title":"USPSTF 2020 recommendations on screening for asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy","volume":"323","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Wijgert, J.H. (2017). The vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted infections are interlinked: Consequences for treatment and prevention. PLoS Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002478"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, S.-F., Huang, P.-J., Cheng, W.-H., Huang, C.-Y., Chu, L.J., Lee, C.-C., Lin, H.-C., Chen, L.-C., Lin, W.-N., and Tsao, C.-H. (2021). Vaginal Microbiota of the Sexually Transmitted Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis in Women with Vaginitis in Taiwan. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091864"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.12.022","article-title":"Application of next gener-ation sequencing in clinical microbiology and infection prevention","volume":"243","author":"Deurenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poretsky, R., Rodriguez-R, L.M., Luo, C., Tsementzi, D., and Konstantinidis, K.T. (2014). Strengths and Limitations of 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing in Revealing Temporal Microbial Community Dynamics. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093827"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13326","article-title":"The ecology of human microbiota: Dynamics and diversity in health and disease","volume":"1399","author":"Karkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. New York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00551","article-title":"Crosstalk Between Female Gonadal Hormones and Vaginal Microbiota Across Various Phases of Women\u2019s Gynecological Lifecycle","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2005.apm1130201.x","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis\u2013a microbiological and immu-nological enigma","volume":"113","author":"Forsum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5825","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri induces gut intraepithelial CD4+ CD8\u03b1\u03b1+ T cells","volume":"357","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02184","article-title":"Female gut and genital tract microbiota-induced crosstalk and differential effects of short-chain fatty acids on immune sequelae","volume":"11","author":"Amabebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Reid, G., Challis, J.R., Gloor, G.B., Asztalos, E., Money, D., Seney, S., and Bocking, A.D. (2020). Effect of oral probiotic Lactobacillus rham-nosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on the vaginal microbiota, cytokines and chemokines in pregnant women. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020368"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00181","article-title":"The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli","volume":"5","author":"Amabebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000118","article-title":"New assay for Gardnerella vaginalis loads correlates with Nugent scores and has potential in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"64","author":"Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(36)90120-5","article-title":"A survey of the vaginal flora at various ages, with special reference to the D\u00f6derlein bacillus","volume":"32","author":"Weinstein","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0166-9","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of host microbiota in the development of obesity","volume":"15","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520000380","article-title":"Microbial dysbiosis-induced obesity: Role of gut microbiota in ho-moeostasis of energy metabolism","volume":"123","author":"Amabebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJN"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fudaba, M., Kamiya, T., Tachibana, D., Koyama, M., and Ohtani, N. (2021). Bioinformatics Analysis of Oral, Vaginal, and Rectal Microbial Profiles during Pregnancy: A Pilot Study on the Bacterial Co-Residence in Pregnant Women. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051027"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Leo, V., Lazzeri, E., Governini, L., Cuppone, A.M., Colombini, L., Teodori, L., Ciprandi, G., Iannelli, F., and Pozzi, G. (2022). Vaginal colonization of women after oral administration of Lactobacillus crispatus strain NTCVAG04 from the human microbiota. Minerva Obstet. Gynecol.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-606X.22.05087-4"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.03.019","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiome dynamics after taking oral probiotics","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2001.tb01549.x","article-title":"Oral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections","volume":"30","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"131","article-title":"Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Microbiol","volume":"35","author":"Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"29","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis. Epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Bujko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessels, J.M., Lajoie, J., Vitali, D., Omollo, K., Kimani, J., Oyugi, J., Cheruiyot, J., Kimani, M., Mungai, J.N., and Akolo, M. (2017). Association of high-risk sexual behaviour with di-versity of the vaginal microbiota and abundance of Lactobacillus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187612"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dols, J.A.M., Molenaar, D., Van Der Helm, J.J., Caspers, M.P.M., Angelino-Bart, A.D.K., Schuren, F.H.J., Speksnijder, A.G.C.L., Westerhoff, H.V., Richardus, J.H., and Boon, M.E. (2016). Molecular assessment of bacterial vaginosis by Lactobacillus abundance and species diversity. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1513-3"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912853","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.912853","article-title":"Predicting preterm birth through vaginal microbiota, cervical length and WBC using a machine learning model","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13871-1","article-title":"Ureaplasma and Prevotella Colonization with Lactoba-cillus Abundance During Pregnancy Facilitates Term Birth","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu303","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis does not always cause bacterial vaginosis","volume":"210","author":"Hickey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8317","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8317","article-title":"Alteration of the gut microbiota associated with childhood obesity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.1878","article-title":"Risk of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infection During Pregnancy and Association With Adverse Fetal Outcomes","volume":"311","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00313-0","article-title":"Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Boris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pino, A., Vaccalluzzo, A., Caggia, C., Balzaretti, S., Vanella, L., Sorrenti, V., Ronkainen, A., Satokari, R., and Randazzo, C.L. (2022). Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CA15 (DSM 33960) as a Candidate Probiotic Strain for Human Health. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224902"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12544","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501\u00ae, Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502\u00ae and SYNBIO\u00ae against pathogens","volume":"117","author":"Coman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S341046","article-title":"Effects of a 10-Strain Oral Probiotic on Parameters of Vaginal Health and Microbial Community: A Pilot Clinical Study","volume":"ume 14","author":"Martoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Women Heal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02112.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of Lactobacil-lus-containing vaginal tablets in the treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis","volume":"15","author":"Mastromarino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.07.008","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 to prevent or cure bacterial vaginosis among women with HIV","volume":"111","author":"Hummelen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2021-0209","article-title":"Meta-analysis of race and age influence on the vaginal microbiome in pregnant and nonpregnant healthy women","volume":"17","author":"Hotkani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Futur. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2359-2365.2006","article-title":"Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Fecal Lactobacillus Species in Infants Receiving a Prebiotic Infant Formula","volume":"72","author":"Haarman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"167","article-title":"Rapid identification of 11 human intestinal Lacto-bacillus species by multiplex PCR assays using group-and species-specific primers derived from the 16S\u201323S rRNA intergenic spacer region and its flanking 23S rRNA","volume":"187","author":"Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057779","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2057779","article-title":"Maternal consumption of a fermented diet protects offspring against intestinal inflammation by regulating the gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1862\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:12Z","timestamp":1760123712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15081862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15081862","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]}}}