{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T19:36:08Z","timestamp":1785612968090,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research","award":["RA.KKU\/90\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA.KKU\/90\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ganoderma lucidum\u00a0(G. lucidum) has been widely used for its health benefits as an edible and traditional medicinal mushroom for thousands of years in Asian countries. It is currently used as a nutraceutical and functional food owing to its major bioactive compounds, polysaccharides and triterpenoids. G. lucidum exhibits a broad range of hepatoprotective impacts in various liver disorders, such as hepatic cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-induced liver disease, hepatitis B, hepatic fibrosis, and liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and \u03b1-amanitin. G. lucidum protects the liver through a broad range of mechanisms that include the modulation of liver Phase I and II enzymes, the suppression of \u03b2-glucuronidase, antifibrotic and antiviral actions, the regulation of the production of nitric oxide (NO), the maintenance of hepatocellular calcium homeostasis, immunomodulatory activity, and scavenging free radicals. G. lucidum could signify an encouraging approach for the management of various chronic hepatopathies, and its potential mechanisms make it a distinctive agent when used alone or with other drugs and applied as a functional food, nutraceutical supplement, or adjuvant to modern medicine. This review summarizes the hepatoprotective properties of G. lucidum with its various mechanisms of action on different liver ailments. Biologically active substances derived from G. lucidum are still being studied for their potential benefits in treating different liver ailments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:33:26Z","timestamp":1681360406000},"page":"1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Ganoderma lucidum: Novel Insight into Hepatoprotective Potential with Mechanisms of Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Md Faruque","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fakhruddin Ali","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Forensic Science, School of Engineering and Science, G.D Goenka University, Gurugram 122103, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Zeyaullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt Campus, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha 62561, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman A.","family":"Alsayegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Esam","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9433-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"AlShahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt Campus, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha 62561, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Suhail","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt Campus, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha 62561, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Shama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alshaimaa","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Y.","family":"Elbendary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kandil Abdel Hai Ali","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.08.036","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum: Persuasive biologically active constituents and their health endorsement","volume":"107","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5506","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5506","article-title":"Deciphering the chemical composition of Ganoderma lucidum from different geographical origins by mass spectrometry molecular networking coupled with multivariate analysis","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f6r, D., Knez, \u017d., and Knez Hrn\u010di\u010d, M. (2018). Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: A review. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030649"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01683D","article-title":"Therapeutic potential and nutritional significance of Ganoderma lucidum\u2014A comprehensive review from 2010 to 2022","volume":"14","author":"Swallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113047","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum: A rational pharmacological approach to surmount cancer","volume":"260","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154626","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide inhibits HSC activation and liver fibrosis via targeting inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and ECM-receptor interaction mediated by TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.20884\/2.procicma.2023.2.1.7808","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum as Anti-Inflammatory Agent on The Level of Albumin and Globulin in Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Model","volume":"2","author":"Tiyah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. ICMA-SURE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116226","article-title":"Toxicogenic effects of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on human liver and kidney tumor cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"307","author":"Lucredi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, A., Ghonimy, A., Jiang, H., Qin, G., El-Ashram, S., Hussein, S., Abd El-Razek, I., El-Afifi, T., and Farouk, M.H. (2023). LC\/MS analysis of mushrooms provided new insights into dietary management of diabetes mellitus in rats. Food Sci. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3236"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/0035919X.2022.2162621","article-title":"Bioactive total triterpenes extracted from fruiting bodies and mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst ameliorate doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury in rats","volume":"77","author":"Veena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.122","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum: A potential source to surmount viral infections through \u03b2-glucans immunomodulatory and triterpenoids antiviral properties","volume":"187","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02979K","article-title":"The chemical profiling and assessment of antioxidative, antidiabetic and antineurodegenerative potential of Kombucha fermented Camellia sinensis, Coffea arabica and Ganoderma lucidum extracts","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100441","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of the chemical constituents from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant active fractions of Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Seethapathy, P., Sankaralingam, S., Muniraj, I.K., Perumal, M., and Pandurangan, N. (2023). Food Microbiology Based Entrepreneurship: Making Money From Microbes, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2802023","article-title":"Protective Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder on Acute Liver Injury in Mice and its Regulation of Gut Microbiota","volume":"28","author":"Leng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.-Landmark"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.36468\/pharmaceutical-sciences.650","article-title":"Targeting NM23-H1-mediated inhibition of tumour metastasis in viral hepatitis with bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum: A computational study","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094405","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1094405","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum: Current advancements of characteristic components and experimental progress in anti-liver fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.01.023","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.10.011","article-title":"Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities","volume":"114","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2016.01.025","article-title":"Rheological properties of \u03b2-d-glucan from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"84","article-title":"Health benefits of Ganoderma lucidum as a medicinal mushroom","volume":"7","author":"Bulam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric.-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.07.004","article-title":"Ganoderma\u2014A therapeutic fungal biofactory","volume":"67","author":"Paterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.076","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of natural Ganoderma and its extracts on neurological diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"121","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.138","article-title":"Anticancer and other therapeutic relevance of mushroom polysaccharides: A holistic appraisal","volume":"105","author":"Kothari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115548","article-title":"Advances in antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal plants and mushrooms","volume":"229","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.03.016","article-title":"Structural characterization and immuno-enhancing activity of a highly branched water-soluble \u03b2-glucan from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ahmad, M.F. (2019). Plant and Human Health, Volume 2: Phytochemistry and Molecular Aspects, Springer."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.03.010","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma","volume":"114","author":"Baby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.051","article-title":"The potential of Ganoderma lucidum extracts as bioactive ingredients in topical formulations, beyond its nutritional benefits","volume":"108","author":"Taofiq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1166\/asfo.2013.1035","article-title":"Simultaneous bioprospecting of Ganoderma lucidum OE 52 with ganoderic acid B and C2 by submerged fermentation process","volume":"1","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Focus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.12.020","article-title":"A comparative study of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. from Portugal and Serbia","volume":"51","author":"Heleno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"679","article-title":"HPLC determination of phenolics and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of two polypore mushrooms","volume":"6","author":"Sheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.832173","article-title":"A detailed comparative study between chemical and bioactive properties of Ganoderma lucidum from different origins","volume":"65","author":"Barros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.04.003","article-title":"Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2021.243.250","article-title":"Evaluation of Some Active Nutrients, Biological Compounds and Health Benefits of Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)","volume":"17","author":"Parepalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1288750","article-title":"Triterpenoids and polysaccharide peptides-enriched Ganoderma lucidum: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of its antioxidation and hepatoprotective efficacy in healthy volunteers","volume":"55","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i9.80","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of action of triterpenoids from lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) on \u03b1-amanitin-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2012.09.002","article-title":"CD4+ CD25+ Treg derived from hepatocellular carcinoma mice inhibits tumor immunity","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"20","article-title":"Protective effects of the oil from spores of Ganoderma Lucidum on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in mice","volume":"1","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Yanbian Univ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1987-1991","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of crude polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"12","author":"Susilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"760","article-title":"Effect of broken Ganoderma Lucidum spore powder on serum ALT, AST levels and liver inflammation in mice with ConA-induced immune injury","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhejiang J. Integr. Tradit. Chin. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113654","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum extract-mediated gasdermin E cleavage promotes tumor cell pyroptosis and inhibits metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"174","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.7.3876","article-title":"The \u03b2-glucan receptor, dectin-1, is predominantly expressed on the surface of cells of the monocyte\/macrophage and neutrophil lineages","volume":"169","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7271509","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7271509","article-title":"Potential of mushroom compounds as immunomodulators in cancer immunotherapy: A review","volume":"2018","author":"Ayeka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27203","article-title":"Yeast zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, induces regulatory antigen-presenting cells and immunological tolerance","volume":"116","author":"Dillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1976175","article-title":"A new anti-tumor cytotoxic triterpene from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1615\/InterJMedicMush.v5.i2.20","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity and the mechanisms of action of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Ling Zhi, Reishi mushroom) (Aphyllophoromycetideae)","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2019.100268","article-title":"Bioactive metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum: Factors, mechanism and broad spectrum therapeutic potential","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9867-4_6","article-title":"Researches and application of Ganoderma spores powder","volume":"Volume 1181","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ganoderma and Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.02.013","article-title":"Ganoderic acids-rich ethanol extract from Ganoderma lucidum protects against alcoholic liver injury and modulates intestinal microbiota in mice with excessive alcohol intake","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000493896","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in Kunming mice","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.02.023","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum peptides against D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"117","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18077609","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of mushrooms","volume":"18","author":"Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31287","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA05282D","article-title":"Rearranged lanostane-type triterpenoids with anti-hepatic fibrosis activities from Ganoderma applanatum","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1021\/jf900828k","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Ganoderma lucidum on tumorigenesis and metastasis of human hepatoma cells in cells and animal models","volume":"57","author":"Weng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6696606","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6696606","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by altering macrophage polarity and induction of apoptosis","volume":"2021","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushr.v15.i4.60","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract from lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (higher basidiomycetes) on \u03b1-Amanitin\u2212 induced liver injury in mice","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b20-00358","article-title":"Amelioration of the lipogenesis, oxidative stress and apoptosis of hepatocytes by a novel proteoglycan from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"43","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1159\/000493297","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide alleviates hepatoteatosis via modulating bile acid metabolism dependent on FXR-SHP\/FGF","volume":"49","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-006-9007-9","article-title":"Anti-hepatitis B activities of ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S249093","article-title":"Suppression of cisplatin-induced hepatic injury in rats through alarmin high-mobility group box-1 pathway by Ganoderma lucidum: Theoretical and experimental study","volume":"14","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oluwafemi Adetuyi, B., Olamide Okeowo, T., Adefunke Adetuyi, O., Abraham Adebisi, O., Ogunlana, O.O., Janet Oretade, O., Marraiki, N., Beshbishy, A.M., Welson, N.N., and Batiha, G.E.-S. (2020). Ganoderma lucidum from red mushroom attenuates formaldehyde-induced liver damage in experimental male rat model. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9100313"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1015-9584(11)60003-1","article-title":"Effects of Ganoderma lucidum on obstructive jaundice-induced oxidative stress","volume":"33","author":"Aydin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113978","article-title":"Peptide mediated therapy in fibrosis: Mechanisms, advances and prospects","volume":"157","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/019262338901700304","article-title":"Protection of hepatotoxic and lethal effects of CCl by partial hepatectomy","volume":"17","author":"Kodavanti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.011","article-title":"The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"66","author":"Stickel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y.-J., Huang, Z.-R., You, S.-Z., Guo, W.-L., Zhang, F., Liu, B., Lv, X.-C., Lin, Z.-X., and Liu, P.-H. (2022). The Protective Effects of Ganoderic Acids from Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Body on Alcoholic Liver Injury and Intestinal Microflora Disturbance in Mice with Excessive Alcohol Intake. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070949"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5820","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03219D","article-title":"Ganoderic acid A from Ganoderma lucidum protects against alcoholic liver injury through ameliorating the lipid metabolism and modulating the intestinal microbial composition","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"447","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Epidemiology, clinical course, investigation, and treatment","volume":"111","author":"Rau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rzteblatt Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.01.012","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Fazel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0087-8","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A diabetologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"45","author":"Pappachan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130697","article-title":"Application of metabolomics for revealing the interventional effects of functional foods on metabolic diseases","volume":"367","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104496","article-title":"Serum metabonomics revealed the mechanism of Ganoderma amboinense polysaccharides in preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by high-fat diet","volume":"82","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174464","article-title":"Current trends and future perspectives of nanomedicine for the management of colon cancer","volume":"910","author":"Wahab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2010-S4-05","article-title":"The incidence and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: A global and regional perspective","volume":"15","author":"Venook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5909","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.11.5909","article-title":"Associations between infiltrating lymphocyte subsets and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-002774","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in cancer","volume":"108","author":"Beyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0465-5","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth by downregulating regulatory T cells accumulation and function by inducing microRNA-125b","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e966","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.493","article-title":"Strange attractors: DAMPs and autophagy link tumor cell death and immunity","volume":"4","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.07.026","article-title":"Anticancer polysaccharides from natural resources: A review of recent research","volume":"90","author":"Zong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700155","article-title":"The anti-invasive effect of lucidenic acids isolated from a new Ganoderma lucidum strain","volume":"51","author":"Weng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9900371","article-title":"Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride to trichloromethyl radical: An ESR and HPLC-EC study","volume":"12","author":"Stoyanovsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.893","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of blue honeysuckle on CCl4-induced acute liver damaged mice","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.617.621","article-title":"Prevention of CCI4-induced liver damage by ginger, garlic and vitamin E","volume":"10","author":"Wegwu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.05.016","article-title":"Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil nanoparticles ameliorate the hepatic antioxidant\/oxidant status of silver catfish experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"108","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2011.648329","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of 7-methylcoumarin and 7-methoxycoumarin against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"36","author":"Sancheti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.01.026","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of morin against liver fibrosis in rats: Modulation of oxidative stress, cytokine production and nuclear factor kappa B","volume":"37","author":"Heeba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000136149.81831.c5","article-title":"Apoptotic and necrotic death mechanisms are concomitantly activated in the same cell after cerebral ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Can","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"478","article-title":"Prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by the anticancer drug cisplatin, using Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal mushroom occurring in South India","volume":"85","author":"Sheena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.044","article-title":"The ameliorations of Ganoderma applanatum residue polysaccharides against CCl4 induced liver injury","volume":"137","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1704","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum attenuates and prevents CCl4-induced hepatic and renal damage in Sprague\u2013Dawley Rats","volume":"11","author":"Dabdoub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Healthy benefits of Ganoderma lucidum as herb medicinal mushroom","volume":"1","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"CPQ Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.009","article-title":"The role of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen revisited","volume":"66","author":"Cornberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9421-9_9","article-title":"Preventive and therapeutic effect of Ganoderma (lingzhi) on liver injury","volume":"1182","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ganoderma Health Pharmacol. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2021.12.003","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum: A potential pleiotropic approach of ganoderic acids in health reinforcement and factors influencing their production","volume":"39","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912359116","article-title":"Alcohol shifts gut microbial networks and ameliorates a murine model of neuroinflammation in a sex-specific pattern","volume":"116","author":"Caslin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.10.001","article-title":"Impact of drinking alcohol on gut microbiota: Recent perspectives on ethanol and alcoholic beverage","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00836A","article-title":"Ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders and modulates the gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet fed rats","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118231","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide modulates gut microbiota and immune cell function to inhibit inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon","volume":"267","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100204","article-title":"Structural characterization and hepatoprotective activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.196","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of plant polysaccharides from natural resources: A review of the mechanisms and structure-activity relationship","volume":"161","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:20Z","timestamp":1760123720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15081874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15081874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]}}}