{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:33:52Z","timestamp":1782128032207,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University Social Sciences Research Institute"},{"name":"Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prescription opioid use among pregnant women has increased in recent years. Prenatal exposure to opioids and poor nutrition can both negatively impact maternal\u2013fetal outcomes. The objective of this study was to characterize the nutrition and health status of reproductive-age women taking prescription opioids, compared to women not taking opioids. Using NHANES 1999\u20132018 data, non-pregnant women aged 20\u201344 years were classified as taking a prescription opioid in the last 30 days (n = 404) or unexposed controls (n = 7234). Differences in anthropometric, cardiovascular, hematologic, and micronutrient status indicators between opioid-exposed and unexposed women were examined. Opioid-exposed women were older, had lower income and education, and were more likely to be non-Hispanic White, to smoke, and to have chronic health conditions compared to unexposed women. In unadjusted analyses, several nutrition and health markers were significantly different between opioid exposure groups. After controlling for covariates, women taking opioids had higher odds of Class II (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1\u20132.3) or III obesity (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1\u20132.5), and lower levels of serum folate, iron, and transferrin saturation. Reproductive-age women taking prescription opioids may be at risk for poorer nutritional and cardiometabolic health. Future research is needed to explore whether nutritional status impacts maternal\u2013fetal outcomes for women exposed to opioids during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T04:54:24Z","timestamp":1681448064000},"page":"1891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Nutritional Status Differs by Prescription Opioid Use among Women of Reproductive Age: NHANES 1999\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7286-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E.","family":"Hohman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4169-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammy E.","family":"Corr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Symons Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Opioid Prescription Claims Among Women of Reproductive Age\u2014United States, 2008\u20132012","volume":"64","author":"Ailes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.05.017","article-title":"Increasing pregnancy-related use of prescribed opioid analgesics","volume":"23","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3299","article-title":"Prescription opioid epidemic and infant outcomes","volume":"135","author":"Patrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000208","article-title":"Increase in Prescription Opioid Use During Pregnancy Among Medicaid-Enrolled Women","volume":"123","author":"Desai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000172","article-title":"Patterns of Opioid Utilization in Pregnancy in a Large Cohort of Commercial Insurance Beneficiaries in the United States","volume":"120","author":"Bateman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1536-6","article-title":"Clinical Correlates of Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use in Pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004232","article-title":"Obstetric Physicians\u2019 Beliefs and Knowledge on Guidelines and Screening Tools to Reduce Opioid Use After Childbirth","volume":"137","author":"Downs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6101221","article-title":"The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Kallen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.12.039","article-title":"Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects","volume":"204","author":"Broussard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182a6643c","article-title":"Periconceptional Use of Opioids and the Risk of Neural Tube Defects","volume":"122","author":"Yazdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2102","article-title":"Exposure to prescription opioid analgesics in utero and risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome: Population based cohort study","volume":"350","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3326","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3326","article-title":"Risk of neonatal drug withdrawal after intrauterine co-exposure to opioids and psychotropic medications: Cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Huybrechts","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.004846","article-title":"Nutrition implications for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.021","article-title":"The Interplay Between Nutrition and Stress in Pregnancy: Implications for Fetal Programming of Brain Development","volume":"85","author":"Lindsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early influences of nutrition on fetal growth","volume":"Volume 71","author":"Makrides","year":"2013","journal-title":"Recent Advances in Growth Research: Nutritional, Molecular and Endocrine Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxq001","article-title":"Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Fraser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173716","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3716","article-title":"Advocacy for Improving Nutrition in the First 1000 Days to Support Childhood Development and Adult Health","volume":"141","author":"Schwarzenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12288","article-title":"Risks associated with obesity in pregnancy, for the mother and baby: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"16","author":"Marchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0461-1","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Hewapathirana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2301","article-title":"Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"348","author":"Bramham","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993","article-title":"Folate and human reproduction","volume":"83","author":"Tamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1506575","article-title":"Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008\u20132011","volume":"374","author":"Finer","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1779-x","article-title":"Dose and Timing of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Maternal Nutritional Supplements: Developmental Effects on 6-Month-Old Infants","volume":"19","author":"Coles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.89","article-title":"The plausibility of maternal nutritional status being a contributing factor to the risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: The potential influence of zinc status as an example","volume":"36","author":"Keen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30011","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and other maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome among three distinct samples of women before, during, and after pregnancy: The risk is relative","volume":"127","author":"May","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.635324","article-title":"A pilot study of the nutritional status of opiate-using pregnant women on methadone maintenance therapy","volume":"47","author":"Tomedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1265563","article-title":"Dietary Intake Among Opioid- and Alcohol-Using Pregnant Women","volume":"53","author":"Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, September 07). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Drinking Levels Defined, Available online: https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/alcohol-health\/overview-alcohol-consumption\/moderate-binge-drinking."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser., 894, 1\u2013253."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.18.2074","article-title":"Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: Evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines","volume":"162","author":"Janssen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e13","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (US), and Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, & Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2002). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106, 3143\u20133421.","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S002","article-title":"Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019","volume":"42","author":"Cefalu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"CDC (1998). Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm. Rep., 47, 1\u201329."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2019, November 07). Merck Manual Professional Version: Blood Tests: Normal Values. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/resources\/normal-laboratory-values\/blood-tests-normal-values."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Serum Ferritin Concentrations for the Assessment of Iron Status and Iron Deficiency in Populations, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2008). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 95: Anemia in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 112, 201\u2013207.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181809c0d"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.05.022","article-title":"Serum soluble transferrin receptor concentrations in US preschool children and non-pregnant women of childbearing age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132010","volume":"413","author":"Mei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27151","article-title":"Assessment of iron deficiency in US preschool children and nonpregnant females of childbearing age: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132006","volume":"89","author":"Cogswell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S238","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S129","article-title":"Conclusions of a WHO Technical Consultation on folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies","volume":"29","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905133401901","article-title":"The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations","volume":"340","author":"Jacques","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Serum Retinol Concentrations for Determining the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27016","article-title":"Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003\u20132004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)","volume":"90","author":"Schleicher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001612","article-title":"The contribution of obesity to prescription opioid use in the United States","volume":"160","author":"Stokes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06581-9","article-title":"Obesity and the Receipt of Prescription Pain Medications in the US","volume":"36","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12455","article-title":"Association between perinatal outcomes and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00537.x","article-title":"Obesity as an independent risk factor for elective and emergency caesarean delivery in nulliparous women\u2014systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"10","author":"Poobalan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12283","article-title":"The effects of morbid obesity on maternal and neonatal health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"16","author":"Lutsiv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196405","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6405","article-title":"Prenatal Risk Factors and Perinatal and Postnatal Outcomes Associated with Maternal Opioid Exposure in an Urban, Low-Income, Multiethnic US Population","volume":"2","author":"Azuine","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106036","article-title":"Association of prescription opioids and incident cardiovascular risk factors among post-9\/11 Veterans","volume":"134","author":"Chui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"444","article-title":"Prescription Opioid Use and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Death Among Adults from a Prospective Cohort (REGARDS Study)","volume":"17","author":"Khodneva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumfeld, Y., Novack, L., Wiznitzer, A., Sheiner, E., Henkin, Y., Sherf, M., and Novack, V. (2015). Pre-Conception Dyslipidemia Is Associated with Development of Preeclampsia and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142462"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C.J., Baer, R.J., Oltman, S.P., Breheny, P.J., Bao, W., Robinson, J.G., Dagle, J.M., Liang, L., Feuer, S.K., and Chambers, C.D. (2018). Maternal dyslipidemia and risk for preterm birth. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209579"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grieger, J.A., Bianco-Miotto, T., Grzeskowiak, L.E., Leemaqz, S.Y., Poston, L., McCowan, L.M., Kenny, L.C., Myers, J.E., Walker, J.J., and Dekker, G.A. (2018). Metabolic syndrome in pregnancy and risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes: A prospective cohort of nulliparous women. PLoS Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002710"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1357","article-title":"Risk of adverse events in patients prescribed long-term opioids: A cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"23","author":"Bedson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000495978","article-title":"Perinatal Iron Deficiency: Implications for Mothers and Infants","volume":"115","author":"Juul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.008201","article-title":"Vitamin B-12 and Perinatal Health","volume":"6","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.007195","article-title":"Assessment of iron status in US pregnant women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999\u20132006","volume":"93","author":"Mei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bemanian, M., Vold, J.H., Chowdhury, R., Aas, C.F., Gjestad, R., Johansson, K.A., and Fadnes, L.T. (2022). Folate Status as a Nutritional Indicator among People with Substance Use Disorder; A Prospective Cohort Study in Norway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095754"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00532-0","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obese and metabolic syndrome of the lean: The importance of diet quality. Analysis of MAGNETIC cohort","volume":"19","author":"Osadnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slagter, S.N., van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J.V., Vonk, J.M., Boezen, H.M., Dullaart, R.P., Kobold, A.C., Feskens, E.J., van Beek, A.P., van der Klauw, M.M., and Wolffenbuttel, B.H. (2013). Associations between smoking, components of metabolic syndrome and lipoprotein particle size. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-195"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:40Z","timestamp":1760123740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15081891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15081891","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]}}}