{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:12:17Z","timestamp":1788541937061,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputy for Research and Innovation- Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["NU\/IFC\/2\/MRC\/-\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU\/IFC\/2\/MRC\/-\/4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many factors have been found to correlate with satisfactory Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) practices. The relationships between EBF practices and associated factors are complex and multidimensional; Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy (BSE) is the most important psychological factor that may help the mother to overcome any expected barriers. This study investigates the determinants of high breastfeeding self-efficacy among Saudi nursing mothers. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study investigating the determinant of BSE among 1577 nursing mothers in primary health centers in Najran City, Saudi Arabia. The study uses a cluster random sampling technique. Data collection was performed from June 2022 to January 2023 using a self-reported questionnaire that encompasses the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale\u2014Short Form (BSES-SF), Gender Friendly Breastfeeding Knowledge Scale (GFBKS), Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS), and a basic data questionnaire to assess women\u2019s demographic factors and obstetric history. Results: The mean score for all BSES-SF items was between 3.23\u20133.41, the highest mean score was in mothers who felt comfortable breastfeeding with family members present (3.41 \u00b1 1.06), and the lowest mean was in mothers who could breastfeed their baby without using formula as a supplement (3.23 \u00b1 0.94). The overall BSE score was high among 67% of the study participants. Binary logistic regression showed that being a housewife, being highly educated, having breastfeeding experience, and being multiparous are positive predictors for high BSE (p \u2264 0.001). In addition, having adequate breastfeeding knowledge and positive breastfeeding attitudes were positively associated with higher BSE (p = 0.000). Conclusion: BSE can be predicted by modifiable predictors such as mothers\u2019 education, working status, parity, breastfeeding experience, adequate breastfeeding knowledge, and positive attitudes toward breastfeeding. If such predictors are considered during breastfeeding-related educational interventions, it could lead to more effective and sustainable effects in community awareness regarding breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T01:34:15Z","timestamp":1681695255000},"page":"1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Determinants of High Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy among Nursing Mothers in Najran, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"DaifAllah D.","family":"Al-Thubaity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternity and Childhood Nursing, Nursing College, Najran University, Najran 66441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran 66441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2866-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafaa T.","family":"Elgzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternity and Childhood Nursing, Nursing College, Najran University, Najran 66441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecologic Nursing, Nursing College, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6469-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternity and Childhood Nursing, Nursing College, Najran University, Najran 66441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Woman Health Nursing, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, January 25). 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