{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:44:42Z","timestamp":1792014282343,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malnutrition is an important issue in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) including Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). It is caused by altered digestion and absorption within the small bowel, inadequate food intake, and drug\u2013nutrient interactions in patients. Malnutrition is an essential problem because it is related to an increased risk of infections and poor prognosis in patients. It is known that malnutrition is also related to an increased risk of postsurgery complications in IBD patients. Basic nutritional screening involves anthropometric parameters with body mass index (BMI) and others (fat mass, waist-to-hip ratio, muscle strength), medical history concerning weight loss, and biochemical parameters (including the Prognostic Nutritional Index). Besides standard nutritional screening tools, including the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Nutritional Risk Score 2002 (NRS 2002), and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), specific nutritional screening tools are used in IBD patients, such as the Saskatchewan Inflammatory Bowel Disease\u2013Nutrition Risk Tool (SaskIBD-NR Tool and IBD-specific Nutritional Screening Tool). There is a higher risk of nutrient deficiencies (including iron, zinc, magnesium) and vitamin deficiencies (including folic acid, vitamin B12 and D) in IBD patients. Therefore, regular evaluation of nutritional status is important in IBD patients because many of them are undernourished. An association between plasma ghrelin and leptin and nutritional status in IBD patients has been observed. According to some authors, anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF\u03b1) therapy (infliximab) can improve nutritional status in IBD patients. On the other hand, improvement in nutritional status may increase the response rate to infliximab therapy in CD patients. Optimization of nutritional parameters is necessary to improve results of conservative and surgical treatment and to prevent postoperative complications in patients with IBDs. This review presents basic nutritional screening tools, anthropometric and laboratory parameters, dietary risk factors for IBDs, common nutrient deficiencies, associations between anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy and nutritional status, selected features regarding the influence of nutritional status, and surgical outcome in IBD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T01:33:43Z","timestamp":1682040823000},"page":"1991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Nutritional Status and Its Detection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Jab\u0142o\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Tract Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Mrowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Tract Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.07.021","article-title":"Mundane, yet challenging: The assessment of malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Valentini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0692-1","article-title":"Comparison between handgrip strength, subjective global assessment, anthropometry, and biochemical markers in assessing nutritional status of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in clinical remission","volume":"55","author":"Bin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608323421","article-title":"Measurement of nutrition status in Crohn\u2019s disease patients receiving infliximab therapy","volume":"23","author":"Wiese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"195","article-title":"Nutritional status of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Benjamin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-014-1044-8","article-title":"A preoperative low nutritional prognostic index correlates with the incidence of incisional surgical site infections after bowel resection in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Maeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2014.4955","article-title":"Effects of enteral nutritional support on malnourished patients with inflammatory bowel disease by subjective global assessment","volume":"25","author":"Sokulmez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx102","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional characteristics of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Casanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109545","article-title":"Combination therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: Current evidence and perspectives","volume":"114","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balestrieri, P., Ribolsi, M., Guarino, M.P.L., Emerenziani, S., Altomare, A., and Cicala, M. (2020). Nutritional aspects in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020372"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.12.027","article-title":"ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Forbes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.44","article-title":"Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"106","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.050","article-title":"A Prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"145","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lautenschlager, S.A., Barry, M.P., Rogler, G., Biedermann, L., Schreiner, P., Siebenh\u00fcner, A.R., Abdelrahman, K., Ademi, G., Aepli, P., and Thomas, A. (2023). Lifestyle factors associated with inflammatory bowel disease: Data from the Swiss IBD cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02692-9"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., and Patel, N. (2023). What Should I Eat? Dietary recommendations for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040896"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1995","article-title":"Zinc intake and risk of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: A prospective cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.22-72","article-title":"Positive zinc intake and a Japanese diet rich in n-3 fatty acids induces clinical remission in patients with mild active ulcerative colitis: A randomized interventional pilot study","volume":"72","author":"Miyaguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadh, M.J., Pal, R.S., Arias-Gonz\u00e1les, J.L., Gavil\u00e1n, J.C.O., Jc, D., Mohany, M., Al-Rejaie, S.S., Bahrami, A., Kadham, M.J., and Amin, A.H. (2023). A mendelian randomization analysis investigates causal associations between inflammatory bowel diseases and variable risk factors. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051202"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14291","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Breastfeeding and the risk of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.12.004","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on Clinical Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"42","author":"Bischoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13054","article-title":"British Dietetic Association consensus guidelines on the nutritional assessment and dietary management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Lomer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"21","article-title":"Total parenteral nutrition in treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Misevska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5732","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i36.5732","article-title":"Role of perioperative parenteral nutrition in severely malnourished patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.07.031","article-title":"State of the iron: How to diagnose and efficiently treat iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Reinisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.04.012","article-title":"Nutritional status in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease: Prevalence of malnutrition and methods for routine nutritional assessment","volume":"21","author":"Jorga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850171936","article-title":"Altered plasma and mucosal concentrations of trace elements and antioxidants in active ulcerative colitis","volume":"33","author":"Sturniolo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01753.x","article-title":"Vitamin D status and bone density in recently diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease: The manitoba IBD cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Leslie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.02.013","article-title":"ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery","volume":"36","author":"Weimann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"16329","article-title":"The associations between vitamin D, bone mineral density and the course of inflammatory bowel disease in Polish patients","volume":"132","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewandowski, K., Kaniewska, M., Wi\u0119cek, M., Szwarc, P., Panufnik, P., Tulewicz-Marti, E., Walicka, M., Franek, E., and Rydzewska, G. (2023). Risk factors for osteoporosis among patients with inflammatory bowel disease\u2014Do we already know everything?. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051151"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40071.x","article-title":"Status in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and relationship to bone turnover","volume":"99","author":"Duggan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02835.x","article-title":"Altered levels of biochemical indices of bone turnover and bone-related vitamins in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"23","author":"Gilman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.08.002","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Crohn\u2019s disease: Prevalence, risk factors and supplement use in an outpatient setting","volume":"6","author":"Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i9.2392","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and inflammatory bowel disease characteristics in Romania","volume":"20","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12118","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and bone metabolism in Chinese adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-145","article-title":"Dynamics of vitamin D in patients with mild or inactive inflammatory bowel disease and their families","volume":"12","author":"Grunbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4014-3","article-title":"Reduced bone mass and preserved marrow adipose tissue in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in long-term remission","volume":"28","author":"Bastos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2372-4","article-title":"Decreased neuromuscular function in Crohn\u2019s disease patients is not associated with low serum Vitamin D levels","volume":"58","author":"Salacinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00582.x","article-title":"Altered bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease: There is a difference between Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"247","author":"Ardizzone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-003-1338-x","article-title":"Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Tajika","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggeletopoulou, I., Marangos, M., Assimakopoulos, S.F., Mouzaki, A., Thomopoulos, K., and Triantos, C. (Am. J. Pathol., 2023). Vitamin D and microbiome: Molecular interaction in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis, Am. J. Pathol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.02.004"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000449","article-title":"Vitamin D in inflammatory bowel disease: More than just a supplement","volume":"34","author":"Gubatan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battistini, C., Ballan, R., Herkenhoff, M.E., Saad, S.M.I., and Sun, J. (2020). Vitamin D modulates intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202011.0276.v1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i17.4934","article-title":"Vitamin D improves inflammatory bowel disease outcomes: Basic science and clinical review","volume":"20","author":"Reich","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601049","article-title":"Comprehensive nutritional status in recently diagnosed patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with population controls","volume":"54","author":"Geerling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.03.018","article-title":"Malnutrition and impaired muscle strength in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in remission","volume":"24","author":"Valentini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.919","article-title":"Comprehensive nutritional status in patients with long-standing Crohn disease currently in remission","volume":"67","author":"Geerling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilca-Blanariu, G.-E., Trifan, A., Ciocoiu, M., Popa, I.V., Burlacu, A., Balan, G.G., Olteanu, A.V., and Stefanescu, G. (2022). Magnesium\u2014A potential key player in inflammatory bowel diseases?. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091914"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s43162-022-00171-3","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiency among patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"34","author":"Hussien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.04.013","article-title":"Nutrition assessment in Crohn\u2019s disease using anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary indexes: A narrative review","volume":"120","author":"Sandall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.41.2.198","article-title":"Reduced concentrations of selenium in mild Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Hinks","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.869_a.x","article-title":"Fat intake and fatty acid profile in plasma phospholipids and adipose tissue in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease, compared with controls","volume":"94","author":"Geerling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199804000-00010","article-title":"Zinc, copper and immunological markers in the circulation of well nourished patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Dalekos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0891-0","article-title":"Evaluation of serum trace element levels and superoxide dismutase activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Translating basic research into clinical application","volume":"177","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.01.007","article-title":"Altered status of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Hengstermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otaa001","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otaa001","article-title":"The Copper\/Zinc ratio correlates with markers of disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crohn\u2019s Colitis 360"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529309096096","article-title":"Serum selenium, copper, and zinc concentrations in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"28","author":"Ringstad","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.2.259","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and plasma antioxidant micronutrients in Crohn disease","volume":"74","author":"Wendland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4091247","article-title":"Selenium, selenoprotein genes and Crohn\u2019s disease in a case-control population from Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"4","author":"Gentschew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro Aguilar-Tablada, T., Navarro-Alarc\u00f3n, M., Quesada Granados, J., Samaniego S\u00e1nchez, C., Rufi\u00e1n-Henares, J.\u00c1., and Nogueras-Lopez, F. (2016). Ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease are associated with decreased serum selenium concentrations and increased cardiovascular risk. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120780"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.05.007","article-title":"Serum vitamin B12 and folate status in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"21","author":"Yakut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.10.010","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of hyperhomocysteinemia in Tunisian patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Kallel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31892","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031892","article-title":"An assessment of serum vitamin B12 and folate in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"101","author":"Akbulut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.99","article-title":"Body composition assessment of Crohn\u2019s outpatients and comparison with gender- and age-specific multiple matched control pairs","volume":"71","author":"Csontos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grass, F., Pache, B., Martin, D., Hahnloser, D., Demartines, N., and H\u00fcbner, M. (2017). Preoperative nutritional conditioning of Crohn\u2019s patients\u2014Systematic review of current evidence and practice. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060562"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e1455","article-title":"Body mass index is a marker of nutrition preparation sufficiency before surgery for Crohn\u2019s disease from the perspective of intra-abdominal septic complications","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.01.015","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Weimann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(02)00214-5","article-title":"Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): A new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Kondrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114566656","article-title":"Self-Screening for malnutrition risk in outpatient inflammatory bowel disease patients using the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST)","volume":"40","author":"Sandhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.01.010","article-title":"Assessment of a novel screening score for nutritional risk in predicting complications in gastro-intestinal surgery","volume":"27","author":"Schiesser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamba, S., Sasaki, M., Takaoka, A., Takahashi, K., Imaeda, H., Nishida, A., Inatomi, O., Sugimoto, M., and Andoh, A. (2017). Sarcopenia is a predictive factor for intestinal resection in admitted patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180036"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"38","article-title":"CONUT: A tool for controlling nutritional status. First validation in a hospital population","volume":"20","author":"Mancha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"756","article-title":"Development of a screening tool to detect nutrition risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Haskey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065592","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1065592","article-title":"Development and validation of an inflammatory bowel disease nutrition self-screening tool (IBD-NST) for digital use","volume":"10","author":"Wall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12383","article-title":"GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition\u2014A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community","volume":"10","author":"Cederholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"95","article-title":"Malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease patients in northern India: Frequency and factors influencing its development","volume":"29","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.983","article-title":"Dietary intake of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A comparison with individuals from a general population and associations with relapse","volume":"38","author":"Opstelten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"469","article-title":"Differences in dietary habits between patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission and a healthy population","volume":"31","author":"Principi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000206541.15963.c3","article-title":"Nutritional deficiencies in patients with Crohn\u02bcs disease in remission","volume":"12","author":"Filippi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1080\/003655298750026985","article-title":"Body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Tjellesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07520.x","article-title":"Body Composition in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Study","volume":"98","author":"Jahnsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2008.02.005","article-title":"Elevated concentrations of linoleic acid in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Ueda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"285","article-title":"Body composition in Indian patients with Crohn\u2019s disease during active and remission phase","volume":"32","author":"Benjamin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw121","article-title":"Handgrip strength index predicts nutritional status as a complement to body mass index in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.06.006","article-title":"Skeletal muscle wastage in Crohn\u2019s disease: A pathway shared with heart failure?","volume":"127","author":"Cuoco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00696.x","article-title":"Effect of disease localization on the anthropometric and metabolic features of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"93","author":"Capristo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1998.00254.x","article-title":"Metabolic features of inflammatory bowel disease in a remission phase of the disease activity","volume":"243","author":"Capristo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20504","article-title":"Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in clinical remission","volume":"14","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.11.006","article-title":"Lower extremity mobility limitation and impaired muscle function in women with ulcerative colitis","volume":"8","author":"Zaltman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000527","article-title":"Visceral Adipose Tissue in Patients with Crohn\u02bcs Disease Correlates with Disease Activity, Inflammatory Markers, and Outcome","volume":"21","author":"Hermsdorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030608","article-title":"Effects of Growth Hormone Secretion on Body Composition in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"88","author":"Katznelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201800000-25","article-title":"Visceral fat is increased in individuals with Crohn\u2019s disease: A comparative analysis with healthy controls","volume":"55","author":"Magro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.06.049","article-title":"Obesity is associated with increased risk of Crohn\u2019s disease, but not ulcerative colitis: A pooled analysis of five prospective cohort studies","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03968-w","article-title":"Visceral adiposity and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Rowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000160810.76729.9c","article-title":"Muscle performance in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in clinical remission","volume":"11","author":"Wiroth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"197","article-title":"Energy balance and muscle function in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: Relationship with nutritional state and disease activity","volume":"30","author":"Rizzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Ther. Metab."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7113","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007113","article-title":"Body mass index is a practical preoperative nutritional index for postoperative infectious complications after intestinal resection in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017856","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5017856","article-title":"Preoperative nutritional therapy reduces the risk of anastomotic leakage in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease requiring resections","volume":"2016","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery of malnourished cancer patients","volume":"85","author":"Onodera","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4411-y","article-title":"Associations between the prognostic nutritional index and morbidity\/mortality during intestinal resection in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"42","author":"Chohno","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533616661844","article-title":"Prognostic nutritional index predicts short-term postoperative outcomes after bowel resection for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_575_16","article-title":"Plasma ghrelin and leptin in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and its association with nutritional status","volume":"23","author":"Alzoghaibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0113-x","article-title":"Serum ghrelin levels in inflammatory bowel disease with relation to disease activity and nutritional status","volume":"53","author":"Ates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2165\/11586290-000000000-00000","article-title":"Management of inflammatory bowel disease with infliximab and other anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapies","volume":"24","author":"Magro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biodrugs"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848211036456","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848211036456","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis treated with vedolizumab: Results from a Polish multicenter, prospective, observational real-life study (the POLONEZ study)","volume":"14","author":"Michalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.07.013","article-title":"Increases in body mass index during infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: An open label prospective study","volume":"56","author":"Nakahigashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.07.019","article-title":"The prevalence of malnutrition and the evolution of nutritional status in patients with moderate to severe forms of Crohn\u2019s disease treated with Infliximab","volume":"30","author":"Vadan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.13-18","article-title":"Changes of energy metabolism, nutritional status and serum cytokine levels in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease after anti-tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 therapy","volume":"53","author":"Nishida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.12.026","article-title":"Nutritional status and bioelectrical phase angle assessment in adult Crohn disease patients receiving anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy","volume":"49","author":"Emerenziani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"49","article-title":"The effect of anti-TNF\u03b1 induction therapy on the nutritional status and dietary intake in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"25","author":"Csontos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-015-1257-5","article-title":"Influence of nutritional status on the therapeutic effect of infliximab in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Sumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Today"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:20:08Z","timestamp":1760124008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/8\/1991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15081991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15081991","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}