{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T20:40:07Z","timestamp":1792356007900,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#303378\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303378\/2022-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear, with both genetic and environmental factors potentially contributing. This study aimed to explore the relationship among gut microbiota (GM), intestinal permeability, and food intake with inflammatory markers in inactive SLE patients. A total of 22 women with inactive SLE and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled, and dietary intake was assessed through 24-h dietary recalls. Plasma zonulin was used to evaluate intestinal permeability, while GM was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Regression models were used to analyze laboratory markers of lupus disease (C3 and C4 complement and C-reactive protein). Our results showed that the genus Megamonas was significantly enriched in the iSLE group (p &lt; 0.001), with Megamonas funiformis associated with all evaluated laboratory tests (p &lt; 0.05). Plasma zonulin was associated with C3 levels (p = 0.016), and sodium intake was negatively associated with C3 and C4 levels (p &lt; 0.05). A combined model incorporating variables from each group (GM, intestinal permeability, and food intake) demonstrated a significant association with C3 complement levels (p &lt; 0.01). These findings suggest that increased Megamonas funiformis abundance, elevated plasma zonulin, and higher sodium intake may contribute to reduced C3 complement levels in women with inactive SLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T03:01:48Z","timestamp":1682046108000},"page":"1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Megamonas funiformis, Plasma Zonulin, and Sodium Intake Affect C3 Complement Levels in Inactive Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Depieri","family":"Balmant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery of the Digestive System, LIM 35, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle Cristina","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery of the Digestive System, LIM 35, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula Aguiar","family":"Prud\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery of the Digestive System, LIM 35, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2945-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilanna Marques","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery of the Digestive System, LIM 35, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Callado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery of the Digestive System, LIM 35, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Tepedino Martins","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital S\u00edrio Liban\u00eas, Department of Medical Clinical Nutrition, Brasilia 70200-730, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Susana Matos de Miranda","family":"Torrinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery of the Digestive System, LIM 35, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Ferreira","family":"Borba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9196-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Linetzky","family":"Waitzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery of the Digestive System, LIM 35, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between Microbiota and Immunity in Health and Disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"7546047","article-title":"The Dynamic Interplay between the Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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