{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:33:06Z","timestamp":1790022786530,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","award":["PJ 01689101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ 01689101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant extracts including secondary metabolites have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-obesity properties of fermented Artemisia annua\u00a0(AW) and Salicornia herbacea (GW) in vitro and in mice. The metabolite profiling of AW and GW extracts was performed using UHPLC\u2212LTQ\u2212Orbitrap\u2013MS\/MS, and gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR for adipocyte difference factors. The anti-obesity effects in mice were measured using serum AST, ALT, glucose, TG, and cholesterol levels. Metabolites of the plant extracts after fermentation showed distinct differences with increasing anti-obesity active substances. The efficacy of inhibitory differentiation adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was better for GW than AW in a concentration-dependent manner. RT-PCR showed that the GW extract significantly reduced the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation (C\/EBP\u03b1, PPAR\u03b3, and Fas). In C57BL\/6 mice fed the HFD, the group supplemented with AW and GW showed reduced liver weight, NAS value, and fatty liver by suppressing liver fat accumulation. The GW group significantly reduced ALT, blood glucose, TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. This study displayed significant metabolite changes through biotransformation in vitro and the increasing anti-obesity effects of GW and AW in mice. GW may be applicable as functional additives for the prevention and treatment of obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T02:06:11Z","timestamp":1682301971000},"page":"2022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Fermented Artemisia annua L. and Salicornia herbacea L. on Inhibition of Obesity In Vitro and In Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jeong-Yeon","family":"On","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0537-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Mee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Resource Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7684-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungkwon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9834-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choong-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Resource Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00414-z","article-title":"The genetics of obesity: From discovery to biology","volume":"23","author":"Loos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2020.62.6.854","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Porphyra dentata extract on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000168","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models","volume":"23","author":"Hariri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kajikawa, M., and Higashi, Y. (2022). Obesity and Endothelial Function. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071745"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.012","article-title":"Why does obesity cause diabetes?","volume":"34","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.2.443","article-title":"Leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3, and CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein-\u03b1 mRNA expression in adipose tissue of humans and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"20","author":"Krempler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i18.5177","article-title":"Obesity and colorectal cancer role of adipokines in tumor initiation and progression","volume":"20","author":"Riondino","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00432-5","article-title":"Leptin brain entry via a tanycyclic LepR : EGFR shuttle controls lipid metabolism and pancreas function","volume":"3","author":"Duquenne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes21033","article-title":"Next generation antiobesity medications: Setmelanotide, semaglutide, tirzepatide and bimagrumab: What do they mean for clinical practice?","volume":"30","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, A.K., Jahan, R., Paul, A., Mahboob, T., Bondhon, T.A., Jannat, K., Hasan, A., Nissapatorn, V., Wilairatana, P., and de Lourdes Pereira, M. (2022). The role of medicinal and aromatic plants against obesity and arthritis: A review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050985"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1852171","article-title":"Plant extracts in prevention of obesity","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.01.022","article-title":"In-vitro screening of selected traditional medicinal plants for their anti-obesity and anti-oxidant activities","volume":"123","author":"Hifnawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104600","article-title":"Novel insights on anti-obesity potential of the miracle tree, Moringa oleifera: A systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Redha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kazemipoor, M., Radzi, C.W.J.W.M., Cordell, G.A., and Yaze, I. (2012). Potential of traditional medicinal plants for treating obesity: A review. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes20097","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effects of Artemisia annua Extract in Zucker Fatty Rats and High-Fat Diet Sprague Dawley Rats through Upregulation of Uncoupling Protein 1","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"71","article-title":"The effect of different harvest stages on chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of essential oil from Artemisia annua L","volume":"21","author":"Kiralan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.12.022","article-title":"Artemisia annua L.: Essential oil and acetone extract composition and antioxidant capacity","volume":"45","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.4.389","article-title":"Anti-adipogenic effect of Artemisia annua in diet-induced-obesity mice model","volume":"16","author":"Baek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Darusman, L., Batubara, I., and Utami, M. (2011, January 15). Fractionation of active components from Piper cf. fragile essential oil as aromatherapy for anti-obesity. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1023, Chiang Mai, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1002\/bkcs.10958","article-title":"Rhamnetin Exhibits Anti-Tuberculosis Activity and Protects against Lung Inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"176","article-title":"Potential of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium Linn.) herb for use as additive in livestock feeding: A review","volume":"6","author":"Beigh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharma Innov."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekiert, H., Klimek-Szczykutowicz, M., Rzepiela, A., Klin, P., and Szopa, A. (2022). Artemisia species with high biological values as a potential source of medicinal and cosmetic raw materials. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196427"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0765.2007.00098.x","article-title":"Effect of inoculation with a strain of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes isolated from the endorhizosphere of Salicornia europea on salt tolerance of the glasswort","volume":"53","author":"Ozawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600290","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201600290","article-title":"Glassworts as possible anticancer agents against human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells with their nutritive, antioxidant and phytochemical profiles","volume":"14","author":"Altay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.-H., Lee, J.-J., Son, H.-K., Kim, B.-H., Byun, J., and Ha, J.-H. (2020). Antiobesity effects of extract from Spergularia marina Griseb in adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020336"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, J.-Y., Kim, J.Y., Lee, Y.G., Lee, H.J., Shim, H.J., Lee, J.H., Kim, S.-J., Ham, K.-S., and Moon, J.-H. (2016). Four new dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives from glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) and their antioxidative activity. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21081097"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2012.670643","article-title":"Antiadipogenic activity of isohamnetin 3-O-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside from Salicornia herbacea","volume":"34","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunopharm. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1436073","article-title":"Desalted Salicornia europaea powder and its active constituent, trans-ferulic acid, exert anti-obesity effects by suppressing adipogenic-related factors","volume":"56","author":"Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2014.03.019","article-title":"Effect of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) on the texture of frankfurters","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12277","article-title":"Sodium reduction in bread: A role for glasswort (Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods)","volume":"16","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-012-0080-4","article-title":"Fermentation of traditional medicine: Present and future","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.03.112","article-title":"Effect of fermentation on the antioxidant activity in plant-based foods","volume":"160","author":"Hur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D.H., Kothari, D., Niu, K.-M., Han, S.G., Yoon, J.E., Lee, H.-G., and Kim, S.-K. (2019). Effect of fermented medicinal plants as dietary additives on food preference and fecal microbial quality in dogs. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090690"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"652","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Lactobacillus-fermented Artemisia annua L. as a potential fish feed additive","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2022.25.2.130","article-title":"Artemisia annua L. Extracts Improved Insulin Resistance via Changing Adiponectin, Leptin and Resistin Production in HFD\/STZ Diabetic Mice","volume":"25","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20701","article-title":"Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Kleiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of NAFLD meta analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcome","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, E.J., Paramanantham, A., Kim, H.J., Shin, S.C., Kim, G.S., Jung, J.-M., Ryu, C.H., Hong, S.C., Chung, K.H., and Kim, C.W. (2021). Artemisia annua L. Polyphenol-Induced Cell Death Is ROS-Independently Enhanced by Inhibition of JNK in HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031366"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"671","article-title":"Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammatory process in macrophages by different solvent fractions of Glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) extract","volume":"50","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-191736","article-title":"Recent trends in anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory studies in modern health care","volume":"27","author":"Na","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.12.013","article-title":"Role of the catechol group in the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of virgin olive oil components in rat brain","volume":"26","author":"Guerrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.07.041","article-title":"Overview of Lactobacillus plantarum as a promising bacteriocin producer among lactic acid bacteria","volume":"64","author":"Vitolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00429-3","article-title":"Effect of different complex carbon sources on growth and bacteriocin synthesis of Enterococcus faecium","volume":"63","author":"Audisio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107763","article-title":"Fermentation transforms the phenolic profiles and bioactivities of plant-based foods","volume":"49","author":"Leonard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.-M., Kim, G.-M., and Cha, G.-S. (2021). Biotransformation of flavonoids by newly isolated and characterized Lactobacillus pentosus NGI01 strain from kimchi. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051075"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, H., Wiczkowski, W., Honke, J., and Pisku\u0142a, M.K. (2021). In vitro expanded bioaccessibility of quercetin-3-rutinoside and quercetin aglycone from buckwheat biscuits formulated from flours fermented by lactic acid bacteria. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040571"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.04.025","article-title":"The pharmacological potential of rutin","volume":"25","author":"Ganeshpurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.07.008","article-title":"Rutin: A review on extraction, identification and purification methods, biological activities and approaches to enhance its bioavailability","volume":"67","author":"Gullon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100948","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100948","article-title":"Intestinal Flora Mediates Antiobesity Effect of Rutin in High-Fat-Diet Mice","volume":"66","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.08.018","article-title":"Metabolism of phenolic compounds by Lactobacillus spp. during fermentation of cherry juice and broccoli puree","volume":"46","author":"Filannino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15009","article-title":"Catabolism of hydroxycinnamic acids in contact with probiotic Lactobacillus","volume":"131","author":"Rogozinska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14731","article-title":"Changes over the fermentation period in phenolic compounds and antioxidant and anticancer activities of blueberries fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"84","author":"Ryu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Hussain, M.B., Hassan, S., Waheed, M., Javed, A., Farooq, M.A., and Tahir, A. (2019). Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104164","article-title":"Bioavailability and health benefits of major isoflavone aglycones and their metabolites","volume":"74","author":"Hsiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.07.002","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of dihydrocaffeic acid in human EA. hy926 endothelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5062","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9805799","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid in lard and human low-density lipoprotein","volume":"46","author":"Moon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115464","article-title":"Safety assessment of desaminotyrosine: Acute, subchronic oral toxicity, and its effects on intestinal microbiota in rats","volume":"417","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5336","article-title":"The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon","volume":"357","author":"Steed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5530\/ax.2012.4.11","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of benzoic acid derivatives against superoxide radical","volume":"2","author":"Velika","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Antioxid."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7985","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15117985","article-title":"Monocyclic phenolic acids; hydroxy-and polyhydroxybenzoic acids: Occurrence and recent bioactivity studies","volume":"15","author":"Khadem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15046184","article-title":"Obesity and its metabolic complications: The role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-017-0018-z","article-title":"Protective effect of protocatechuic acid against inflammatory stress induced in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"2","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174257","article-title":"Impact of protocatechuic acid on high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome sequelae in rats","volume":"907","author":"Nour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"3053","article-title":"An overview of therapeutic effects of vanillic acid","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.02.023","article-title":"Discovering multifaceted role of vanillic acid beyond flavours: Nutraceutical and therapeutic potential","volume":"122","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410600880643","article-title":"Amino acid catabolic pathways of lactic acid bacteria","volume":"32","author":"Fernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00032","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of the shikimate pathway for production of aromatics and derived compounds\u2014Present and future strain construction strategies","volume":"6","author":"Averesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, S., De Simeis, D., Castagna, A., and Valentino, M. (2020). The fatty-acid hydratase activity of the most common probiotic microorganisms. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10020154"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M059444","article-title":"A novel unsaturated fatty acid hydratase toward C16 to C22 fatty acids from Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"56","author":"Hirata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7554","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.12.7554-7557.2003","article-title":"Antifungal 3-hydroxy fatty acids from Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 14","volume":"69","author":"Magnusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2004.02.014","article-title":"Antifungal lactic acid bacteria as biopreservatives","volume":"16","author":"Magnusson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.14480\/JM.2016.14.4.162","article-title":"Antifungal Effect of Phenyllactic Acid Produced by Lactobacillus casei Isolated from Button Mushroom","volume":"14","author":"Yoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mushroom"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.2741\/3313","article-title":"Genomic features of Lactobacillus species","volume":"14","author":"Goh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. -Landmark"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.08.017","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of pyroglutamyl-leucine on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"117","author":"Hirai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-019-0050-z","article-title":"Pyroglutamyl leucine, a peptide in fermented foods, attenuates dysbiosis by increasing host antimicrobial peptide","volume":"3","author":"Shirako","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chistyakov, D.V., Gavrish, G.E., Goriainov, S.V., Chistyakov, V.V., Astakhova, A.A., Azbukina, N.V., and Sergeeva, M.G. (2020). Oxylipin profiles as functional characteristics of acute inflammatory responses in astrocytes pre-treated with IL-4, IL-10, or LPS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21950.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051780"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11285","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802167x","article-title":"The role of oxylipins and antioxidants on off-flavor precursor formation during potato flake processing","volume":"56","author":"Gosset","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.03.005","article-title":"Protocol for effective differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes","volume":"425","author":"Zebisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2014.43.6.814","article-title":"Antiadipogenic effect of Korean glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) water extract on 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2013.e24","article-title":"Lipid droplets characterization in adipocyte differentiated 3T3-L1 cells: Size and optical density distribution","volume":"57","author":"Rizzatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem. EJH"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061009-102430","article-title":"Lipid droplets and cellular lipid metabolism","volume":"81","author":"Walther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46226","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207776200","article-title":"Activation of MEK\/ERK signaling promotes adipogenesis by enhancing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) and C\/EBP\u03b1 gene expression during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes","volume":"277","author":"Prusty","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00930.x","article-title":"Leptin and the skin: A new frontier","volume":"19","author":"Poeggeler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.7732\/kjpr.2015.28.5.582","article-title":"Ethanol extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves inhibits adipogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes","volume":"28","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Plant Resour."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Lee, S.-J., Jang, S.-H., Kim, T.H., Kim, H.-D., Kim, S.-W., Won, C.-K., and Cho, J.-H. (2017). Annual wormwood leaf inhibits the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 and obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060554"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60251f","article-title":"Honeysuckle anthocyanin supplementation prevents diet-induced obesity in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5RI1017-401RR","article-title":"Obesity as an immune-modifying factor in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"104","author":"Canter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6114663","article-title":"Codonopsis lanceolata extract prevents diet-induced obesity in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2012.41.7.950","article-title":"Effect of dietary intake of Salicornia herbacea L. hot water extract on anti-obesity in diet-induced obese rats","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400399","article-title":"Ursolic acid improves lipid and glucose metabolism in high-fat-fed C57BL\/6J mice by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and hepatic autophagy","volume":"59","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.jun.S57-S63","article-title":"Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Angulo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.5352\/JLS.2012.22.4.478","article-title":"Glasswort powder diet activates lipid metabolism in rat","volume":"22","author":"Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02969402","article-title":"Salicornia herbacea prevents high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in ICR mice","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"587","article-title":"Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7054","article-title":"Salicornia herbacea prevents weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in obese ICR mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"95","author":"Pichiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2022\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:21:18Z","timestamp":1760124078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15092022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15092022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]}}}