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Ningbo","award":["2023Z0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric carcinoma is a frequently detected malignancy worldwide, while its mainstream drugs usually result in some adverse reactions, including immunosuppression. \u03bb-carrageenan oligosaccharides (COS) have attracted increasing attention as potential anticancer agents due to their ability to enhance immune function. Our current work assessed the antitumor mechanism of \u03bb-COS using BGC-823 cells. Our findings indicated that \u03bb-COS alone did not have a significant impact on BGC-823 cells in vitro; however, it was effective in inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. When THP-1 cells were pre-incubated with \u03bb-COS and used to condition the medium, BGC-823 cells in vitro displayed a concentration-dependent induction of cell apoptosis, nuclear damage, and the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. These findings suggested that the antineoplastic effect of \u03bb-COS was primarily due to its immunoenhancement property. Treatment with \u03bb-COS was found to significantly enhance the phagocytic capability of macrophages, increase the secretion of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3, and improve the indexes of spleen and thymus in BALB\/c mice. In addition, \u03bb-COS was found to inhibit the growth of BGC-823-derived tumors in vitro by activating the Par-4 signaling pathway, which may be stimulated by the combination of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3. When used in combination with 5-FU, \u03bb-COS demonstrated enhanced anti-gastric carcinoma activity and improved the immunosuppression induced by 5-FU alone. These findings suggested that \u03bb-COS could be used as an immune-modulating agent for chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T02:06:11Z","timestamp":1682301971000},"page":"2044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Antitumor Potential of \u03bb-Carrageenan Oligosaccharides on Gastric Carcinoma by Immunomodulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0858-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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