{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:06:19Z","timestamp":1783577179546,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71804110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71804110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21QA1405300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21QA1405300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJAZH116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJAZH116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20X100040012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20X100040012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GW-10.1-XK07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GW-10.1-XK07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds","award":["71804110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71804110"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds","award":["21QA1405300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21QA1405300"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds","award":["22YJAZH116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJAZH116"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds","award":["20X100040012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20X100040012"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds","award":["GW-10.1-XK07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GW-10.1-XK07"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019048","name":"Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71804110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71804110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019048","name":"Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21QA1405300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21QA1405300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019048","name":"Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJAZH116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJAZH116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019048","name":"Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20X100040012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20X100040012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019048","name":"Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GW-10.1-XK07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GW-10.1-XK07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for new teachers of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["71804110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71804110"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for new teachers of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["21QA1405300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21QA1405300"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for new teachers of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["22YJAZH116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJAZH116"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for new teachers of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["20X100040012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20X100040012"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for new teachers of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["GW-10.1-XK07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GW-10.1-XK07"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71804110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71804110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21QA1405300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21QA1405300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJAZH116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJAZH116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20X100040012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20X100040012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GW-10.1-XK07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GW-10.1-XK07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to investigate the changes in distinct types of screen time and explore their longitudinal association with children and adolescents\u2019 weight status. Methods: A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 2228 children and adolescents (6\u201319 years) in Shanghai, China, before and during the pandemic. Recreational screen time (watching TV\/videos, online gaming, using social media, and browsing webpages), educational screen time (online homework and online class), and BMI were measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Mixed-effects models were constructed to assess the associations between screen time and weight status. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20.5% and 10.2% at baseline, respectively. Both recreational and educational screen time increased significantly over two months. While recreational screen time was found to be a risk factor for obesity, it was not the case for educational screen use. Specifically, adolescents who spent more time watching TV\/videos had a higher obesity risk (OR = 1.576). No significant associations were found in children. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity were prevalent among children and adolescents in China. Reducing screen-based activities is a promising strategy to prevent unhealthy weight gain in Chinese children and adolescents, while it is necessary to consider the content and distinguish between educational and recreational screen use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T01:37:01Z","timestamp":1682386621000},"page":"2055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association between Types of Screen Time and Weight Status during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, South Chongqing Road No. 227, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, South Chongqing Road No. 227, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-7906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, South Chongqing Road No. 227, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390, 2627\u20132642."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30075-0","article-title":"Economic development and the nutritional status of Chinese school-aged children and adolescents from 1995 to 2014: An analysis of five successive national surveys","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00045-0","article-title":"Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000161369.71722.10","article-title":"Overweight in children and adolescents: Pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment","volume":"111","author":"Daniels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22813","article-title":"COVID-19-Related School Closings and Risk of Weight Gain Among Children","volume":"28","author":"Rundle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.04.005","article-title":"A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another?","volume":"64","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00710-4","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on activity patterns and weight status among youths in China: The COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey (COINLICS)","volume":"45","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3","article-title":"Severe obesity in children and adolescents: Identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"128","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X","article-title":"Obesity in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management","volume":"10","author":"Jebeile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00960.x","article-title":"Energy balance-related behaviours associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children: A systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"13","author":"Uijtdewilligen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1758K","article-title":"Screen Media Exposure and Obesity in Children and Adolescents","volume":"140","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.12.006","article-title":"Parental Expectations and Child Screen and Academic Sedentary Behaviors in China","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., and Hesketh, T. (2021). Educational Aspirations and Expectations of Adolescents in Rural China: Determinants, Mental Health, and Academic Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111524"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0881-7","article-title":"Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: Evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arundell, L., Salmon, J., Veitch, J., and Timperio, A. (2019). The Relationship between Objectively Measured and Self-Reported Sedentary Behaviours and Social Connectedness among Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020277"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01258-4","article-title":"School-related sedentary behaviours and indicators of health and well-being among children and youth: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Kuzik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ken\u0111el Jovanovi\u0107, G., Draga\u0161 Zubalj, N., Klobu\u010dar Majanovi\u0107, S., Raheli\u0107, D., Raheli\u0107, V., Vu\u010dak Lon\u010dar, J., and Pavi\u010di\u0107 \u017de\u017eelj, S. (2021). The Outcome of COVID-19 Lockdown on Changes in Body Mass Index and Lifestyle among Croatian Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113788"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14149","article-title":"Education, school type and screen time were associated with overweight and obesity in 2930 adolescents","volume":"107","author":"Furthner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-020-00313-6","article-title":"Combinations of physical activity and screen time recommendations and their association with overweight\/obesity in adolescents","volume":"111","author":"Crowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"People\u2019s Daily Online (2023, February 22). Shanghai Takes the Strictest Measures to Implement a Major Public Health Emergency Response Mechanism. Available online: http:\/\/sh.people.com.cn\/GB\/n2\/2020\/0124\/c134768-33743400.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"People\u2019s Daily Online (2023, February 22). Shanghai\u2019s Emergency Response Level for Major Public Health Emergencies Adjusted to Two. Available online: http:\/\/gz.people.com.cn\/n2\/2020\/0323\/c344102-33897262.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WHO (2023, January 29). Growth Reference Data for 5\u201319 Years\/Indicators\/BMI-for-Age (5\u201319 Years). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years\/indicators\/bmi-for-age."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"De Onis, M., Bl\u00f6ssner, M., and World Health Organization (1997). WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition\/Compiled by Mercedis de Onis and Monika Bl\u00f6ssner, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO (2023, January 28). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H., Li, X., Zi, Y., Mu, X., Fu, M., Mo, T., and Yu, K. (2022). Reliability and Validity of Common Subjective Instruments in Assessing Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Chinese College Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148379"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO (2022, August 22). Recommended Levels of Physical Activity for Children Aged 5\u201317 Years. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/factsheet_young_people\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"8","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire developed for children and adolescents in Beijing","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Child. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Chinese Food Composition Table, Peking University Medical Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-018-0305-z","article-title":"The State of the Summer: A Review of Child Summer Weight Gain and Efforts to Prevent It","volume":"7","author":"Tanskey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohler-Kuo, M., Dzemaili, S., Foster, S., Werlen, L., and Walitza, S. (2021). Stress and Mental Health among Children\/Adolescents, Their Parents, and Young Adults during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Switzerland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094668"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00052","article-title":"Internet addiction and psychological distress among Chinese schoolchildren before and during the COVID-19 outbreak: A latent class analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, J., Zhong, H., and Pan, C.W. (2020). Associations of outdoor activity and screen time with adiposity: Findings from rural Chinese adolescents with relatively low adiposity risks. BMC Public. Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09897-7"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13893","article-title":"The associations between meeting 24-hour movement guidelines and adiposity in Asian Adolescents: The Asia-Fit Study","volume":"31","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000519268","article-title":"Association between Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, Sleep, Diet, and Adiposity among Children and Adolescents in China","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20157","article-title":"Greater screen time is associated with adolescent obesity: A longitudinal study of the BMI distribution from Ages 14 to 18","volume":"21","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12753","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12753","article-title":"A 3-year longitudinal study of the association of physical activity and sedentary behaviours with childhood obesity in China: The childhood obesity study in China mega-cities","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01259-3","article-title":"International school-related sedentary behaviour recommendations for children and youth","volume":"19","author":"Saunders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.09.019","article-title":"Health status and behavior among middle-school children in a midwest community: What are the underpinnings of childhood obesity?","volume":"160","author":"Eagle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12010","article-title":"Relationships between health behaviors and weight status in American Indian and white rural children","volume":"29","author":"Holm","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rural. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0497-8","article-title":"Sedentary behaviour and adiposity in youth: A systematic review of reviews and analysis of causality","volume":"14","author":"Biddle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","article-title":"Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study","volume":"164","author":"Lissak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822108","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.822108","article-title":"Screen Time and Body Mass Index Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stival, C., Lugo, A., Barone, L., Fattore, G., Odone, A., Salvatore, S., Santoro, E., Scaglioni, S., van den Brandt, P.A., and Gallus, S. (2022). Prevalence and Correlates of Overweight, Obesity and Physical Activity in Italian Children and Adolescents from Lombardy, Italy. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112258"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakubec, L., G\u00e1ba, A., Dygr\u00fdn, J., Rub\u00edn, L., \u0160im\u016fnek, A., and Sigmund, E. (2020). Is adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines associated with a reduced risk of adiposity among children and adolescents?. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09213-3"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00973-0","article-title":"Development of a consensus statement on the role of the family in the physical activity, sedentary, and sleep behaviours of children and youth","volume":"17","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:22:44Z","timestamp":1760124164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15092055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15092055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]}}}