{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:31:04Z","timestamp":1785180664399,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["U01HL091528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL091528"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["K08HL148178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08HL148178"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["R01HL108818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL108818"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["T32HL742742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL742742"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["R01AI141529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141529"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["R01HD093761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD093761"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["RF1AG067744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG067744"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["UH3OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023268"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["U19AI095219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI095219"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["U01HL089856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL089856"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD023268"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U01HL091528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL091528"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["K08HL148178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08HL148178"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HL108818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL108818"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["T32HL742742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL742742"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AI141529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141529"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HD093761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD093761"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["RF1AG067744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG067744"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["UH3OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023268"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U19AI095219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI095219"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U01HL089856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL089856"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD023268"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["U01HL091528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL091528"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["K08HL148178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08HL148178"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["R01HL108818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL108818"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["T32HL742742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL742742"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["R01AI141529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141529"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["R01HD093761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD093761"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["RF1AG067744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG067744"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["UH3OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023268"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["U19AI095219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI095219"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["U01HL089856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL089856"]}]},{"name":"ECHO","award":["OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD023268"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shifts in the maternal gut microbiome and vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy have been associated, separately, with health problems for both the mother and the child. Yet, they have rarely been studied simultaneously. Here, we analyzed the gut microbiome (from stool samples obtained in late pregnancy) and vitamin D level (from blood samples obtained both in early and late pregnancy) data of pregnant women in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART), a randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy, to investigate the association of vitamin D status on the pregnant women\u2019s microbiome. To find associations, we ran linear regressions on alpha diversity measures, PERMANOVA tests on beta diversity distances, and used the ANCOM-BC and Maaslin2 algorithms to find differentially abundant taxa. Analyses were deemed significant using a cut-off p-value of 0.05. We found that gut microbiome composition is associated with the vitamin D level in early pregnancy (baseline), the maternal gut microbiome does not show a shift in response to vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy, and that the genus Desulfovibrio is enriched in women without a substantial increase in vitamin D level between the first and the third trimesters of pregnancy. We conclude that increasing the vitamin D level during pregnancy could be protective against the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio, which has been associated with chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders. More in-depth investigations are needed to confirm this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1682396822000},"page":"2059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association of Vitamin D Level and Maternal Gut Microbiome during Pregnancy: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Antenatal Vitamin D Supplementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7195-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott T.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto A.","family":"Litonjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Golisano Children\u2019s Hospital at University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Lee-Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2728-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Modeling, The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.suppl_4.1159S","article-title":"Vitamin D and Bone Health","volume":"126","author":"Holick","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2070693","article-title":"Vitamin D and Bone Health; Potential Mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Laird","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1689S","article-title":"Overview of General Physiologic Features and Functions of Vitamin D","volume":"80","author":"DeLuca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charoenngam, N., and Holick, M.F. (2020). Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.09.018","article-title":"Vitamin D and Inflammation","volume":"77","author":"Guillot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105663","article-title":"Vitamin D and Intestinal Homeostasis: Barrier, Microbiota, and Immune Modulation","volume":"200","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.04.001","article-title":"Where Is the Vitamin D Receptor?","volume":"523","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470805","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/470805","article-title":"Vitamin D and Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2015","author":"Ardesia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.017","article-title":"Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine","volume":"124","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.52","article-title":"Intestinal Microflora and Immunoregulation","volume":"1","author":"Boirivant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689492","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/689492","article-title":"The Central Role of the Gut Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2014","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14105","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14105","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis Disorder?","volume":"20","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellerba, F., Muzio, V., Gnagnarella, P., Facciotti, F., Chiocca, S., Bossi, P., Cortinovis, D., Chiaradonna, F., Serrano, D., and Raimondi, S. (2021). The Association between Vitamin D and Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review of Human Studies. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103378"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.20011","article-title":"Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview","volume":"53","author":"Akimbekov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1842-7","article-title":"Vitamin D and the Gut Microbiome: A Systematic Review of in Vivo Studies","volume":"16","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy","volume":"7","author":"Neuman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.07.008","article-title":"Host Remodeling of the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Changes during Pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Koren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2020.101671","article-title":"The Immune System and Microbiome in Pregnancy","volume":"44\u201345","author":"Fuhler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.08.045","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Infant Gut Microbiome at Age 3\u20136 Months: Findings from the Ethnically Diverse Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART)","volume":"139","author":"Sordillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799734","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1799734","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy and Early Infancy in Relation to Gut Microbiota Composition and C. Difficile Colonization: Implications for Viral Respiratory Infections","volume":"12","author":"Drall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-020-00119-x","article-title":"Maternal and Cord Blood Vitamin D Level and the Infant Gut Microbiota in a Birth Cohort Study","volume":"6","author":"Kassem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern. Health Neonatol. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0200-3","article-title":"Fat and Vitamin Intakes during Pregnancy Have Stronger Relations with a Pro-Inflammatory Maternal Microbiota than Does Carbohydrate Intake","volume":"4","author":"Mandal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorczyca, K., Obuchowska, A., Kimber-Trojnar, \u017b., Wierzchowska-Opoka, M., and Leszczy\u0144ska-Gorzelak, B. (2022). Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Pathologies in Pregnancy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169961"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw8429","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw8429","article-title":"Maternal Gut Microbiota in Pregnancy Influences Offspring Metabolic Phenotype in Mice","volume":"367","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0652-y","article-title":"The Maternal Microbiome during Pregnancy and Allergic Disease in the Offspring","volume":"39","author":"Vuillermin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14875","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14875","article-title":"Maternal Microbiome in Preeclampsia Pathophysiology and Implications on Offspring Health","volume":"9","author":"Ishimwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15516","article-title":"The Maternal Prenatal and Offspring Early-Life Gut Microbiome of Childhood Asthma Phenotypes","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000218","article-title":"The Maternal Microbiome and Pregnancy Outcomes That Impact Infant Health: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Dunlop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Neonatal. Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2014.02.006","article-title":"The Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART): Rationale, Design, and Methods of a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy for the Primary Prevention of Asthma and Allergies in Children","volume":"38","author":"Litonjua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., and Holmes, S. (2013). Phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O\u2019hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., and Szoecs, E. (2022). Vegan: Community Ecology Package, Package Version 2.6-4, unpublished."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17041-7","article-title":"Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes with Bias Correction","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, H., Rahnavard, A., McIver, L.J., Ma, S., Zhang, Y., Nguyen, L.H., Tickle, T.L., Weingart, G., Ren, B., and Schwager, E.H. (2021). Multivariable Association Discovery in Population-Scale Meta-Omics Studies. PLoS Comput. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.20.427420"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18589","article-title":"Effect of Prenatal Supplementation With Vitamin D on Asthma or Recurrent Wheezing in Offspring by Age 3 Years: The VDAART Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"315","author":"Litonjua","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1906137","article-title":"Six-Year Follow-up of a Trial of Antenatal Vitamin D for Asthma Reduction","volume":"382","author":"Litonjua","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"97","article-title":"The Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D Among US Adults: Data from the NHANES III","volume":"15","author":"Zadshir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.604","article-title":"Demographic Differences and Trends of Vitamin D Insufficiency in the US Population, 1988\u20132004","volume":"169","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00700","article-title":"Microbiome Composition and Its Impact on the Development of Allergic Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Peroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e1288","article-title":"A Review on the Role of Vitamin D in Asthma","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: Modulator of the Immune System","volume":"10","author":"Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602680","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy and Child Outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Gale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0980","article-title":"Factors Influencing Vitamin D Status","volume":"91","author":"Tsiaras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-4-1305","article-title":"Reclassification of the Only Species of the Genus Desulfomonas, Desulfomonas Pigra, as Desulfovibrio Piger Comb. Nov","volume":"52","author":"Loubinoux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1892","article-title":"The Ecology and Biotechnology of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Muyzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushkevych, I., Dordevi\u0107, D., Kollar, P., V\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e1, M., and Drago, L. (2019). Hydrogen Sulfide as a Toxic Product in the Small\u2013Large Intestine Axis and Its Role in IBD Development. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071054"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00942.x","article-title":"Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Human Feces and Their Association with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Loubinoux","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-017-2067-7","article-title":"Activity of Ring-Substituted 8-Hydroxyquinoline-2-Carboxanilides against Intestinal Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Desulfovibrio Piger","volume":"27","author":"Kushkevych","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushkevych, I., Le\u0161\u010danov\u00e1, O., Dordevi\u0107, D., Jan\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, S., Ho\u0161ek, J., V\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e1, M., Bu\u0148kov\u00e1, L., and Drago, L. (2019). The Sulfate-Reducing Microbial Communities and Meta-Analysis of Their Occurrence during Diseases of Small\u2013Large Intestine Axis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101656"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12795","article-title":"Correlation of Diet, Microbiota and Metabolite Networks in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"20","author":"Weng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1875774","article-title":"Effects of Colon-Targeted Vitamins on the Composition and Metabolic Activity of the Human Gut Microbiome\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"13","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.180794","article-title":"Vitamin D Regulates the Gut Microbiome and Protects Mice from Dextran Sodium Sulfate\u2013Induced Colitis","volume":"143","author":"Ooi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy052","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D on Intestinal Inflammation and Faecal Microbiota in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19701-0","article-title":"Disease-Associated Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Changes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"11","author":"Bowerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2009.09019","article-title":"Alteration of Lung and Gut Microbiota in IL-13-Transgenic Mice Simulating Chronic Asthma","volume":"30","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.2.5.9498","article-title":"Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.K., Cabral, C., Kumar, R., Ganguly, R., Rana, H.K., Gupta, A., Lauro, M.R., Carbone, C., Reis, F., and Pandey, A.K. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Dietary Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota and Strategies to Improve Delivery Efficiency. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092216"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna, S. (2019). Is Vitamin D Supplementation Useful for Weight Loss Programs? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070368"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:22:55Z","timestamp":1760124175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15092059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15092059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}