{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:29:34Z","timestamp":1793046574531,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroc\u0142aw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.A170.22.073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A170.22.073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroc\u0142aw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB Z.A170.23.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB Z.A170.23.002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal (GI) failure can be both a cause of sepsis and a consequence of the systemic pro-inflammatory response in sepsis. Changes in biomarkers of enterocyte damage, citrulline and I-FABP (intestinal fatty acid binding protein), may indicate altered intestinal permeability and damage. The study group consisted of patients with sepsis (N = 28) and septic shock (N = 30); the control group included patients without infection (N = 10). Blood samples were collected for citrulline and I-FABP and a 4-point AGI score (acute GI injury score) was calculated to monitor GI function on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Citrulline concentrations in the study group were lower than in the control. Lower values were also noted in septic patients with shock when compared to the non-shock group throughout the study period. I-FABP was higher in the septic shock group than in the sepsis group only on days 1 and 3. Citrulline was lower in patients with GI failure (AGI III) when compared to AGI I\/II, reaching significance on days 7 (p = 0.034) and 10 (p = 0.015); moreover, a higher AGI score was associated with an increased 28 day mortality (p = 0.038). The results indicate that citrulline measurements, along with the AGI assessment, have clinical potential in monitoring GI function and integrity in sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T02:50:00Z","timestamp":1682563800000},"page":"2100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Citrulline, Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein and the Acute Gastrointestinal Injury Score as Predictors of Gastrointestinal Failure in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maciej","family":"Tyszko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lema\u0144ska-Perek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 48\/50, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2649-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"\u015amiechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6767-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8423-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemyslaw","family":"Biecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Gozdzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0541-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Adamik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1780-4","article-title":"Severity of Acute Gastrointestinal Injury Grade Is a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. 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