{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:26:20Z","timestamp":1792167980232,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92057106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92057106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA0805100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0805100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF0702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0702100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFE0132200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0132200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92057106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92057106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA0805100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0805100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF0702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0702100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFE0132200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0132200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinopathy is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness and vision loss worldwide. Imbalanced nutrients play important roles in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of retinal diseases. Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs), as essential amino acids, perform a variety of biological functions, including protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in metabolic tissues of diabetes and aging-related diseases. Recently, it has been shown that BCAAs are highly related to neuroprotection, oxidative stress, inflammatory and glutamate toxicity in the retina of retinopathy. Therefore, this review summarizes the alterations of BCAA levels in retinopathy, especially diabetic retinopathy and aging-related macular disease, and the genetics, functions, and mechanisms of BCAAs in the retina as well as other metabolic tissues for reference. All of these efforts aim to provide fundamental knowledge of BCAAs for further discoveries and research on retina health based on the sensing and signaling of essential amino acids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1682943003000},"page":"2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Branched-Chain Amino Acids Metabolism and Their Roles in Retinopathy: From Relevance to Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Provence Key Laboratory of Genome Engineered Animal Models, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0181-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxue","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Provence Key Laboratory of Genome Engineered Animal Models, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital, School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250021, China"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, and Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study (2021). Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob. Health, 9, e130\u2013e143."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DCCT\/EDIC Research Group, Nathan, D.M., Bebu, I., Hainsworth, D., Klein, R., Tamborlane, W., Lorenzi, G., Gubitosi-Klug, R., and Lachin, J.M. (2017). Frequency of Evidence-Based Screening for Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med., 376, 1507\u20131516.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612836"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Z., Usui-Ouchi, A., Allen, W., and Tomita, Y. (2022). Retinal Disease and Metabolism. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020183"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000499541","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy in the Context of Patients with Diabetes","volume":"62","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16012","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.12","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, Q., Wu, Y., and Zhang, F. (2022). Metabolomics in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Potential Biomarkers to Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193005"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13562","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Et tu, Brute?","volume":"95","author":"Grauslund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32835f8e55","article-title":"Update on depression and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Casten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.01.003","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040031330019","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy","volume":"102","author":"Ferris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Coorey, N.J., Zhang, M., Zeng, S., Madigan, M.C., Zhang, X., Gillies, M.C., Zhu, L., and Zhang, T. (2022). Metabolism Dysregulation in Retinal Diseases and Related Therapies. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050942"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, M., and Zhang, F. (2022). Amino Acids Metabolism in Retinopathy: From Clinical and Basic Research Perspective. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121244"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.5.947","article-title":"Amino acid compositions of body and milk protein change during the suckling period in rats","volume":"123","author":"Davis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.10.013","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of the Whole-Body Metabolic Fate of Branched-Chain Amino Acids","volume":"29","author":"Neinast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0271-1","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: Metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.171","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Lynch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Jian, Q., Hu, G., Du, R., Xu, X., and Zhang, F. (2022). Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal Metabolic Patterns in Retina of STZ-Induced Diabetic Retinopathy Mouse Model. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121245"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113222","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitor-empagliflozin treatment ameliorates diabetic retinopathy manifestations and exerts protective effects associated with augmenting branched chain amino acids catabolism and transportation in db\/db mice","volume":"152","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00018-w","article-title":"Gabapentin Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in the Diabetic Rat Retina","volume":"36","author":"Ola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128277","article-title":"Transaminase of branched chain amino acids. I. Branched chain amino acids-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase","volume":"59","author":"Ichihara","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25431.x","article-title":"Isozyme patterns of branched-chain amino acid transaminase during cellular differentiation and carcinogenesis","volume":"259","author":"Ichihara","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"663","article-title":"Isozyme patterns of branched-chain amino acid transaminase in human tissues and tumors","volume":"68","author":"Goto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gan"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00760a036","article-title":"Cellular localization and characterization of bovine liver branched-chain -keto acid dehydrogenases","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114455","article-title":"Branched Chain Amino Acids","volume":"81","author":"Neinast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1021\/np050255w","article-title":"Metabolomics reviewed: A new \u201comics\u201d platform technology for systems biology and implications for natural products research","volume":"68","author":"Rochfort","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13642","article-title":"Dynamics of lipids and metabolites during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"92","author":"Mubeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461572","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3461572","article-title":"Urinary Metabolomics Study of Patients with Gout Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429777","article-title":"Branched chain amino acid metabolism in the retina of diabetic rats","volume":"14","author":"Frayser","year":"1978","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109680","article-title":"Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: Amino acid metabolism and correction of hyperornithinemia with an arginine-deficient diet","volume":"65","author":"Valle","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.06.005","article-title":"Insulin treatment normalizes retinal neuroinflammation but not markers of synapse loss in diabetic rats","volume":"125","author":"Masser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socha, O., and Dra\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd, M. (2020). Dimerization of Acetic Acid in the Gas Phase-NMR Experiments and Quantum-Chemical Calculations. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092150"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47656-8_2","article-title":"Collection and Preparation of Clinical Samples for Metabolomics","volume":"965","author":"Chetwynd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Kastenm\u00fcller, G., He, Y., Belcredi, P., M\u00f6ller, G., Prehn, C., Mendes, J., Wahl, S., Roemisch-Margl, W., and Ceglarek, U. (2011). Differences between human plasma and serum metabolite profiles. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021230"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.07.036","article-title":"The vitreous gel: More than meets the eye","volume":"149","author":"Holekamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Amino acid and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in subretinal fluid in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"20","author":"Yalcinbayir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702993","article-title":"Amino-acid levels in subretinal and vitreous fluid of patients with retinal detachment","volume":"22","author":"Bertram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01363-0","article-title":"Metabolomic profile of diabetic retinopathy: A GC-TOFMS-based approach using vitreous and aqueous humor","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001714","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001714","article-title":"Multiplatform Metabolomics Reveals Novel Serum Metabolite Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy Subjects","volume":"7","author":"Xuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez, K.M., Kim, J., La\u00edns, I., Nigalye, A., Katz, R., Pundik, S., Kim, I.K., Liang, L., Vavvas, D.G., and Miller, J.B. (2021). Association of Human Plasma Metabolomics with Delayed Dark Adaptation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030183"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.-T., Cheng, M.-L., Lo, C.-J., Lin, G., Lin, S.-F., Yeh, J.-T., Ho, H.-Y., Lin, J.-R., and Liu, F.-C. (2019). 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-Based Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Metabolomic Analysis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Risk Prediction for Diabetic Microangiopathy. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060874"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07206.x","article-title":"The influence of diabetes on glutamate metabolism in retinas","volume":"117","author":"Gowda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.9","article-title":"Metabolomics Analyses of Mouse Retinas in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"201","article-title":"Obesity-induced metabolic disturbance drives oxidative stress and complement activation in the retinal environment","volume":"24","author":"Natoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00506","article-title":"Metabolic Characterization of Ocular Tissues in Relation to Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in Rats","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.011727","article-title":"The retina and retinal pigment epithelium differ in nitrogen metabolism and are metabolically connected","volume":"295","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90803-7","article-title":"Diurnal alterations in retinal tyrosine level and dopamine turnover in diabetic rats","volume":"454","author":"Gibson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25675","article-title":"1H NMR Spectroscopy Characterization of Porcine Vitreous Humor in Physiological and Photoreceptor Degeneration Conditions","volume":"60","author":"Elmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11348","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.075184","article-title":"Adipose tissue branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism modulates circulating BCAA levels","volume":"285","author":"Herman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1180-8","article-title":"Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00156.x","article-title":"Nitrogen shuttling between neurons and glial cells during glutamate synthesis","volume":"76","author":"Lieth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9115-0","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids induce neurotoxicity in rat cortical cultures","volume":"17","author":"Contrusciere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1510969","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acids Enhance Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration after Optic Nerve Transection in Rats","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00544","article-title":"Branched chain amino acids attenuate major pathologies in mouse models of retinal degeneration and glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910280107","article-title":"Dietary branched chain amino acids ameliorate injury-induced cognitive impairment","volume":"107","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2491","article-title":"Human mild traumatic brain injury decreases circulating branched-chain amino acids and their metabolite levels","volume":"30","author":"Jeter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(96)00010-3","article-title":"Neuroprotective signal transduction, relevance to stroke","volume":"21","author":"Mattson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00623.x","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction--a common denominator for cell injury in acute and degenerative diseases of the brain?","volume":"79","author":"Paschen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7392","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29641","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced RAC autophagy can improve the HUVEC functions by releasing exosomes","volume":"235","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002","article-title":"The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD","volume":"60","author":"Datta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101799","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaarniranta, K., Pawlowska, E., Szczepanska, J., Jablkowska, A., and Blasiak, J. (2019). Role of Mitochondrial DNA Damage in ROS-Mediated Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102374"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025551","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1025551","article-title":"BCATc inhibitor 2 ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in oleic acid-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172796","article-title":"PP2Cm overexpression alleviates MI\/R injury mediated by a BCAA catabolism defect and oxidative stress in diabetic mice","volume":"866","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165980","article-title":"Excessive ROS production and enhanced autophagy contribute to myocardial injury induced by branched-chain amino acids: Roles for the AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway and \u03b17nAChR","volume":"1867","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.009","article-title":"High concentration of branched-chain amino acids promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via mTORC1 activation","volume":"104","author":"Zhenyukh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003330","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.121.003330","article-title":"Association of Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acid With Biomarkers of Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism in Women","volume":"14","author":"Hamaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.08.001","article-title":"The importance of glial cells in the homeostasis of the retinal microenvironment and their pivotal role in the course of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"162","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5594","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21973","article-title":"Assessment of Neurotrophins and Inflammatory Mediators in Vitreous of Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"58","author":"Boss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408835103","article-title":"Drusen complement components C3a and C5a promote choroidal neovascularization","volume":"103","author":"Nozaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.027","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and circulating metabolites: A twin study approach","volume":"65","author":"Bogl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88882","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21489","article-title":"Association of circulating branched-chain amino acids with cardiometabolic traits differs between adults and the oldest-old","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05772","article-title":"Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling","volume":"447","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1934-15.2016","article-title":"Obesity Weighs down Memory through a Mechanism Involving the Neuroepigenetic Dysregulation of Sirt1","volume":"36","author":"Heyward","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.02.001","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids influence the immune properties of microglial cells and their responsiveness to pro-inflammatory signals","volume":"1832","author":"Vissicchio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2015.11.002","article-title":"Administration of branched-chain amino acids alters the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"48","author":"Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-00996-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory responses following zinc or branched-chain amino acids supplementation in obese rats","volume":"37","author":"Jantsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.128421","article-title":"Leucine supplementation of a low-protein meal increases skeletal muscle and visceral tissue protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by stimulating mTOR-dependent translation initiation","volume":"140","author":"Suryawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107011","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22205","article-title":"Alteration of muscle fiber characteristics and the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1\u03b1 axis in skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed low-protein diets with varying branched-chain amino acid ratios","volume":"8","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, C., He, T., Zhang, W., Zhang, G., and Ma, X. (2018). Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040954"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macotela, Y., Emanuelli, B., B\u00e5ng, A.M., Espinoza, D.O., Boucher, J., Beebe, K., Gall, W., and Kahn, C.R. (2011). Dietary leucine\u2014An environmental modifier of insulin resistance acting on multiple levels of metabolism. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021187"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.02.002","article-title":"A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance","volume":"9","author":"Newgard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.04.006","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid restriction in Zucker-fatty rats improves muscle insulin sensitivity by enhancing efficiency of fatty acid oxidation and acyl-glycine export","volume":"5","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36905","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200430200","article-title":"The C-terminal hinge region of lipoic acid-bearing domain of E2b is essential for domain interaction with branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase","volume":"277","author":"Chuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9728","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303220110","article-title":"Structure-based design and mechanisms of allosteric inhibitors for mitochondrial branched-chain \u03b1-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase","volume":"110","author":"Tso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1-8","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu123","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid metabolism: From rare Mendelian diseases to more common disorders","volume":"23","author":"Burrage","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguolo, A., Rodella, G., Giorgetti, A., Nicolodi, M., Ribeiro, R., Dianin, A., Cantalupo, G., Monge, I., Carcereri, S., and De Bernardi, M.L. (2022). A Gain-of-Function Mutation on BCKDK Gene and Its Possible Pathogenic Role in Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13020233"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22242","article-title":"A novel regulatory defect in the branched-chain \u03b1-keto acid dehydrogenase complex due to a mutation in the PPM1K gene causes a mild variant phenotype of maple syrup urine disease","volume":"34","author":"Oyarzabal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotta, L.A., Scott, R.A., Sharp, S.J., Burgess, S., Luan, J., Tillin, T., Schmidt, A.F., Imamura, F., Stewart, I.D., and Perry, J.R.B. (2016). Genetic Predisposition to an Impaired Metabolism of the Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomisation Analysis. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002179"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1165-4","article-title":"Association of branched chain amino acids related variant rs1440581 with risk of incident diabetes and longitudinal changes in insulin resistance in Chinese","volume":"55","author":"Xuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5587340","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5587340","article-title":"Stimulation of AMPK Prevents Diabetes-Induced Photoreceptor Cell Degeneration","volume":"2021","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1583S","article-title":"Exercise promotes BCAA catabolism: Effects of BCAA supplementation on skeletal muscle during exercise","volume":"134","author":"Shimomura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0312","article-title":"Impaired adiponectin signaling contributes to disturbed catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in diabetic mice","volume":"64","author":"Lian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80611-X","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1","volume":"98","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705070104","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1alpha","volume":"104","author":"Handschin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbaa059","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis on blood of transgenic mice overexpressing PGC-1\u03b1 in skeletal muscle","volume":"85","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatazawa, Y., Tadaishi, M., Nagaike, Y., Morita, A., Ogawa, Y., Ezaki, O., Takai-Igarashi, T., Kitaura, Y., Shimomura, Y., and Kamei, Y. (2014). PGC-1\u03b1-mediated branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091006"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1175","article-title":"L-type amino acid transporter 1-mediated L-leucine transport at the inner blood-retinal barrier","volume":"46","author":"Tomi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00179","article-title":"Role of l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 at the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier in the Blood-to-Retina Transport of Gabapentin","volume":"15","author":"Akanuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.416","article-title":"The role of phospholipase D in Glut-4 translocation","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000218441.00040.82","article-title":"A typical protein kinase C in neurodegenerative disease II: PKCiota\/lambda in tauopathies and alpha-synucleinopathies","volume":"65","author":"Shao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0900","article-title":"The Rab GTPase-activating protein AS160 integrates Akt, protein kinase C, and AMP-activated protein kinase signals regulating GLUT4 traffic","volume":"56","author":"Thong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, T.T., Yang, C.M., and Yang, C.H. (2020). Astaxanthin Protects Retinal Photoreceptor Cells against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress by Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes via the PI3K\/Akt\/Nrf2 Pathway. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080729"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.174979","article-title":"Astaxanthin ameliorates hyperglycemia induced inflammation via PI3K\/Akt-NF-\u03baB signaling in ARPE-19 cells and diabetic rat retina","volume":"926","author":"Janani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-014-1809-9","article-title":"Leucine stimulates ASCT2 amino acid transporter expression in porcine jejunal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) through PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00853","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acid Negatively Regulates KLF15 Expression via PI3K-AKT Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56688-2_6","article-title":"Regulation of translation initiation by amino acids in eukaryotic cells","volume":"26","author":"Kimball","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.01.010","article-title":"The metabolic sensor GCN2 branches out","volume":"5","author":"Towle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy037","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of branched-chain amino acids","volume":"76","author":"Bonvini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2005.09.009","article-title":"Growing roles for the mTOR pathway","volume":"17","author":"Sarbassov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avet-Rochex, A., Carvajal, N., Christoforou, C.P., Yeung, K., Maierbrugger, K.T., Hobbs, C., Lalli, G., Cagin, U., Plachot, C., and McNeill, H. (2014). Unkempt is negatively regulated by mTOR and uncouples neuronal differentiation from growth control. PLoS Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004624"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev178012","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.178012","article-title":"Human retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration by recapitulating developmental mechanisms: Effects of recruitment of the mTOR pathway","volume":"146","author":"Teotia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.11.005","article-title":"Effects of mTOR inhibition on normal retinal vascular development in the mouse","volume":"129","author":"Yagasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2674","article-title":"Sestrin2 is a leucine sensor for the mTORC1 pathway","volume":"351","author":"Wolfson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201209135","article-title":"Rag GTPases mediate amino acid-dependent recruitment of TFEB and MITF to lysosomes","volume":"200","author":"Martina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207056","article-title":"mTORC1 senses lysosomal amino acids through an inside-out mechanism that requires the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase","volume":"334","author":"Zoncu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.10.2413","article-title":"Leucine stimulates translation initiation in skeletal muscle of postabsorptive rats via a rapamycin-sensitive pathway","volume":"130","author":"Anthony","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.056","article-title":"TBK1 and IKK\u03b5 Act Redundantly to Mediate STING-Induced NF-\u03baB Responses in Myeloid Cells","volume":"31","author":"Balka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817583","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.817583","article-title":"l-Isoleucine Administration Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Pathway in Rats","volume":"12","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b00968","article-title":"Different Lipopolysaccharide Branched-Chain Amino Acids Modulate Porcine Intestinal Endogenous \u03b2-Defensin Expression through the Sirt1\/ERK\/90RSK Pathway","volume":"64","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0112-1","article-title":"A new branch connecting thermogenesis and diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1503-x","article-title":"BCAA catabolism in brown fat controls energy homeostasis through SLC25A44","volume":"572","author":"Yoneshiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:27:13Z","timestamp":1760124433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15092161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15092161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]}}}