{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:44:31Z","timestamp":1792374271881,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adansonia digitata L. fruit, also known as baobab, has been used traditionally throughout the world for its medicinal properties. Ethnopharmacological uses of various plant parts have been reported for hydration, antipyretic, antiparasitic, antitussive, and sudorific properties and also in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery in many African countries. Several studies have revealed that in addition to these applications, baobab has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. The health benefits of baobab have been attributed to its bioactive compounds, namely phenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanins, tannins, catechins, and carotenoids. Baobab fruit is also an important source of vitamin C and micronutrients, including zinc, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and protein, which may reduce nutritional deficiencies. Despite scientific studies revealing that this fruit has a wide diversity of bioactive compounds with beneficial effects on health, there is a gap in the review of information about their mechanisms of action and critical analysis of clinical trials exploring, in particular, their effect on glycemia regulation. This work aims to present a current overview of the bioactive compounds, biological activities, and effects of A. digitata fruit on blood glucose, highlighting their potential mechanisms of action and effects on glycemia regulation, evaluated in recent animal and human trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1682943003000},"page":"2170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activities, and the Potential Effect on Glycemia: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8087-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Leonor","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyla","family":"Rita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8442-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alexandra","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Fernanda de","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Pint\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Moncada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"210","article-title":"The Impact of Soluble Dietary Fibre on Gastric Emptying, Postprandial Blood Glucose and Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.05.018","article-title":"The World Health Organization (WHO) Approach to Healthy Ageing","volume":"139","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, February 24). Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afshar, S., Roderick, P.J., Kowal, P., Dimitrov, B.D., and Hill, A.G. (2015). Multimorbidity and the Inequalities of Global Ageing: A Cross-Sectional Study of 28 Countries Using the World Health Surveys. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2008-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107819","article-title":"Nutritional Assessment of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"155","author":"Sandrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00512-2","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults: Clinical Considerations and Management","volume":"17","author":"Bellary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.08.010","article-title":"An Updated Review of Adansonia Digitata: A Commercially Important African Tree","volume":"77","author":"Kamatou","year":"2011","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"12","article-title":"A Review on Adansonia Digitata Linn","volume":"4","author":"Sundarambal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"6046","article-title":"Biochemical and Nutritional Properties of Baobab Pulp from Endemic Species of Madagascar and the African Mainland","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(15)30174-X","article-title":"Adansonia Digitata L. (Baobab): A Review of Traditional Information and Taxonomic Description","volume":"5","author":"Rahul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caluw\u00e9, E., Halamov\u00e1, K., and Van Damme, P. (2010). Adansonia Digitata L.\u2014A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Afrika Focus, 23.","DOI":"10.21825\/af.v23i1.5037"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.05.067","article-title":"The Use of Photochemiluminescence for the Measurement of the Integral Antioxidant Capacity of Baobab Products","volume":"102","author":"Besco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braca, A., Sinisgalli, C., De Leo, M., Muscatello, B., Cioni, P.L., Milella, L., Ostuni, A., Giani, S., and Sanogo, R. (2018). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Adansonia Digitata l. (Baobab) from Mali, as a Source of Health-Promoting Compounds. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123104"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"418","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects of the Fruit Pulp of Adansonia Digitata","volume":"LXV","author":"Ramadan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fototerapia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J044v10n03_01","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Influence of Adansonia Digitata Pulp","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicolari, S., Dacrema, M., Sokeng, A.J.T., Xiao, J., Nwakiban, A.P.A., Di Giovanni, C., Santarcangelo, C., Magni, P., and Daglia, M. (2020). Hydromethanolic Extracts from Adansonia Digitata L. Edible Parts Positively Modulate Pathophysiological Mechanisms Related to the Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122858"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez Avila, J.A., Rodrigo Garc\u00eda, J., Gonz\u00e1lez Aguilar, G.A., and de la Rosa, L.A. (2017). The Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Polyphenols Related to Increased Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP1) and Insulin Signaling. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060903"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashita, Y., Wang, L., Nanba, F., Ito, C., Toda, T., and Ashida, H. (2016). Procyanidin Promotes Translocation of Glucose Transporter 4 in Muscle of Mice through Activation of Insulin and AMPK Signaling Pathways. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161704"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyla, R., Bernardo, M.A., Silva, M.L., Brito, J., Mesquita, M.F., Pint\u00e3o, A.M., and Moncada, M. (2022). Adansonia Digitata L. (Baobab Fruit) Effect on Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020398"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"32","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Activity of Methanolic Stem Bark of Adansonnia Digitata Extract on Blood Glucose Levels of Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats","volume":"1","author":"Tanko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Artic. Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes, beyond Glucose","volume":"33","author":"Eckel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"809","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Prediabetes and Diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Luc","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-88","article-title":"Dietary Fiber, Organic Acids and Minerals in Selected Wild Edible Fruits of Mozambique","volume":"2","author":"Magaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, A.N., Akerman, A.P., and Mann, J. (2020). Dietary Fibre and Whole Grains in Diabetes Management: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003053"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-004-0034-1","article-title":"Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) Fruit and Seed Protein Solubility","volume":"59","author":"Osman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"64","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Properties of Seeds of Moringa Oleifera and Pulps of Parkia Biglobosa and Adansonia Digitata Commonly Used in Food Fortification in Burkina Faso","volume":"3","author":"Savagodo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0101-5","article-title":"Phosphorus Ingestion Improves Oral Glucose Tolerance of Healthy Male Subjects: A Crossover Experiment","volume":"14","author":"Khattab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.11.60","article-title":"Potassium and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1406332","article-title":"Trace Minerals Intake: Risks and Benefits for Cardiovascular Health","volume":"59","author":"Mohammadifard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, P., Thakur, V., and Chattopadhyay, M. (2020). Role of Minerals and Trace Elements in Diabetes and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061864"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, S., Reboredo, F.H., Lageiro, M.M., Louren\u00e7o, V.M., Dias, J., Lidon, F., Abreu, M., Martins, A.P.L., and Alvarenga, N. (2022). Nutritional Properties of Baobab Pulp from Different Angolan Origins. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11172272"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"756","article-title":"Studies on the Chemical Composition and Physico-Chemical Properties of the Seeds of Baobab (Adasonia Digitata)","volume":"6","author":"Nkafamiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.C., Hsu, C.Y., Chou, W.L., Fang, J.Y., and Chuang, S.Y. (2020). Bioactive Agent Discovery from the Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235713"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tembo, D.T. (2016). Optimisation of Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) Fruit Processing and Handling Techniques for Increased Human Nutrition and Commercialisation in Malawi. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leeds]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ribeiro, V.L. (2012). Estudo de Compostos Bioativos Presentes Em Adansonia Digitata e o Seu Potencial Fitoqu\u00edmico Na Ind\u00fastria Farmac\u00eautica. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Fernando Pessoa]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200600798510","article-title":"Procyanidins from Adansonia Digitata","volume":"44","author":"Shahat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.19026\/ijava.5.5585","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Activity of Methanolic Fruit Pulp Extract of Adansonia Digitata on Blood Glucose Levels of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"5","author":"Gwarzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.15","article-title":"Dietary Polyphenols as Antidiabetic Agents: Advances and Opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3592-x","article-title":"Polyphenol-Rich Diets Improve Glucose Metabolism in People at High Cardiometabolic Risk: A Controlled Randomised Intervention Trial","volume":"58","author":"Bozzetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Tang, G., Zhang, C., Wang, N., and Feng, Y. (2021). Gallic Acid and Diabetes Mellitus: Its Association with Oxidative Stress. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237115"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390701856330","article-title":"Baobab Food Products: A Review on Their Composition and Nutritional Value","volume":"49","author":"Chadare","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"173","article-title":"Adansonia Digitata L. (Malvaceae) a Threatened Tree Species of Medicinal Importance","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"833","article-title":"A Review of Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) Products: Effect of Processing Techniques, Medicinal Properties and Uses","volume":"5","author":"Diawara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"87","article-title":"Monographic Study of Plant Species Most Used For Treatment of Common Diseases of Somba Cattle in Benin","volume":"2014","author":"Francis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.10.007","article-title":"White Bread Enriched with Polyphenol Extracts Shows No Effect on Glycemic Response or Satiety, yet May Increase Postprandial Insulin Economy in Healthy Participants","volume":"36","author":"Coe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.7897\/2277-4572.02324","article-title":"Medicinal Uses of Adansonia Digitata L.: An Endangered Tree Species","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Innov."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00368504211032084","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211032084","article-title":"RNA Sequencing Identified Novel Target Genes for Adansonia Digitata in Breast and Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"104","author":"Goja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.A., Keogh, J.B., and Clifton, P.M. (2016). Polyphenols and Glycemic Control. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010017"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-12-43","article-title":"Dietary Polyphenols as Potential Nutraceuticals in Management of Diabetes: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1388-z","article-title":"\u03b1-Amylase: An Enzyme Specificity Found in Various Families of Glycoside Hydrolases","volume":"71","author":"Svensson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113847","article-title":"Polyphenol-Rich Extract and Fractions of Terminalia Phaeocarpa Eichler Possess Hypoglycemic Effect, Reduce the Release of Cytokines, and Inhibit Lipase, \u03b1-Glucosidase, and \u03b1-Amilase Enzymes","volume":"271","author":"Mbiakop","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"243","article-title":"Preventive Effects of Procyanidin A2 on Glucose Homeostasis, Pancreatic and Duodenal Homebox 1, and Glucose Transporter 2 Gene Expression Disturbance Induced by Bisphenol A in Male Mice","volume":"67","author":"Ahangarpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5030663","article-title":"Extracts, Anthocyanins and Procyanidins from Aronia Melanocarpa as Radical Scavengers and Enzyme Inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Slimestad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00496A","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Grape Seed Procyanidin B2 on a Diabetic Pancreas","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.09.007","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-O-Gallate (EGCG) Protects the Insulin Sensitivity in Rat L6 Muscle Cells Exposed to Dexamethasone Condition","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1354","article-title":"Gallic Acid Regulates Body Weight and Glucose Homeostasis through AMPK Activation","volume":"156","author":"Doan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2011.604588","article-title":"Antioxidant and Type 2 Diabetes Related Functional Properties of Phytic Acid Extract from Kenyan Local Food Ingredients: Effects of Traditional Processing Methods","volume":"50","author":"Kunyanga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.01.007","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with Cacao Liquor Proanthocyanidins Prevents Elevation of Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Obese Mice","volume":"23","author":"Tomaru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.08.002","article-title":"The Polyphenol-Rich Baobab Fruit (Adansonia Digitata L.) Reduces Starch Digestion and Glycemic Response in Humans","volume":"33","author":"Coe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13228-012-0022-0","article-title":"Berry Polyphenols Inhibit Digestive Enzymes: A Source of Potential Health Benefits?","volume":"3","author":"Boath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Dig."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some Factors Affecting the Digestion of Glycaemic Carbohydrates and the Blood Glucose Response","volume":"33","author":"Vosloo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fam. Ecol. Consum. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1173","article-title":"A Pharmacognostical Profile on Fruits of Adansonia Digitata Linn","volume":"6","author":"Saravanaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMPS\/2016\/23862","article-title":"Acute Toxicity and Hypoglycemic Activity of Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Adansonia Digitata L. (Afpead) on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"6","author":"Muhammad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835152","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2835152","article-title":"Efficacy of a Methanolic Extract of Adansonia Digitata Leaf in Alleviating Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Oxidative Stress of Diabetic Rats","volume":"2019","author":"Ebaid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5897\/JDE2019.0131","article-title":"The Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Adansonia Digitata (Baobab) on Diabetes Mellitus and the Anterior Pituitary of Adult Male Wistar Rats","volume":"10","author":"Pamela","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"628","article-title":"HbA1c: More than Just a Number","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJGP"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa025","article-title":"Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Disease","volume":"42","author":"Horton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0549","article-title":"Nutrients, Satiety, and Control of Energy Intake","volume":"40","author":"Tremblay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.8.2261","article-title":"Low-Glycemic Index Diets in the Management of Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"26","author":"Hayne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.3.612","article-title":"Long-Term Effect of Varying the Source or Amount of Dietary Carbohydrate on Postprandial Plasma Glucose, Insulin, Triacylglycerol, and Free Fatty Acid Concentrations in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance","volume":"77","author":"Wolever","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106017704361","article-title":"The Acute Effects of Baobab Fruit (Adansonia Digitata) on Satiety in Healthy Adults","volume":"23","author":"Garvey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:27:37Z","timestamp":1760124457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/9\/2170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15092170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15092170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}}}