{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:41:28Z","timestamp":1793234488572,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to investigate the effects of a 6-week program of 8 h time-restricted feeding (TRF) diet in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as determined by anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic profiles, and fecal calprotectin level. Thirty women diagnosed with PCOS underwent a 6-week 8 h TRF diet intervention. Age, anthropometric features (body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) and biochemical results were recorded. Free androgen index (FAI, defining hyperandrogenism) and the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. Baseline (pre-diet) and 6-week post-diet findings were compared. Mean age was 25.57 \u00b1 2.67 years. BMI (p &lt; 0.001) and WHR (p = 0.001) were found to have significantly decreased after the diet, as well as the percentage of patients defined to have hyperandrogenism (p = 0.016). Reproductive hormone levels, FAI (p &lt; 0.001) and HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0.001) were improved significantly. Metabolic parameters associated with glucose and lipid profiles were also significantly improved after the diet. Additionally, fecal calprotectin levels demonstrated a significant decrease from pre-diet to post-diet (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, a 6-week diet intervention with 8 h TRF may be a suitable and effective intermittent fasting protocol that can be used as a first-line option in PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1683769029000},"page":"2260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Eight-Hour Time-Restricted Feeding: A Strong Candidate Diet Protocol for First-Line Therapy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bihter Senem","family":"Feyzioglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Erciyes-Kartal Hospital, 38020 Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6923-4137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cenk Mustafa","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Izmir Private Can Hospital, 35630 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerrin","family":"Avul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Erciyes-Kartal Hospital, 38020 Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome: A review","volume":"9","author":"Maqbool","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa425","article-title":"Effect of diet on insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.11.001","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Guidelines","volume":"50","author":"Cooney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.06.013","article-title":"Fasting as possible complementary approach for polycystic ovary syndrome: Hope or hype?","volume":"105","author":"Chiofalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.15406\/aowmc.2020.10.00321","article-title":"Energy imbalance: Obesity, associated comorbidities, prevention, management and public health implications","volume":"10","author":"Jehan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Obes. Weight Manag. Control"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12047","article-title":"A randomized pilot study of dietary treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey256","article-title":"Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Teede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12433","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet on androgens, antioxidant status and body composition in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Fallahzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2012.02051.x","article-title":"Effect of metformin compared with hypocaloric diet on serum C-reactive protein level and insulin resistance in obese and overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Esfahanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2535","article-title":"Clinical observation of personalized diet intervention and metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health Care China"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"122","article-title":"Effects of Mediterranean diet on reproductive function in patients with obese polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02277-0","article-title":"Effects of a ketogenic diet in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Paoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02817-2","article-title":"Eight-hour time-restricted feeding improves endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"806","article-title":"Effects of ramadan fasting on glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, \u0131nflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in Kashan, Iran","volume":"18","author":"Asemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057376","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1057376","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding improves metabolic and endocrine profiles in mice with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000291","article-title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on glucose homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Varady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cienfuegos, S., Corapi, S., Gabel, K., Ezpeleta, M., Kalam, F., Lin, S., Pavlou, V., and Varady, K.A. (2022). Effect of \u0131ntermittent fasting on reproductive hormone levels in females and males: A review of human trials. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112343"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830545","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2830545","article-title":"The effect of time-restricted eating on \u0131nsulin levels and \u0131nsulin sensitivity in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"2022","author":"Floyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1035720100","article-title":"Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake","volume":"100","author":"Anson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200316142659","article-title":"A comprehensive review on oxysterols and related diseases","volume":"28","author":"Samadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.024","article-title":"Consensus on women\u2019s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The Amsterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","volume":"97","author":"Fauser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00156-6","article-title":"Short-term time-restricted feeding is safe and feasible in non-obese healthy midlife and older adults","volume":"42","author":"Martens","year":"2020","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1174-5","article-title":"Altered HDL particle in sickle cell disease: Decreased cholesterol content is associated with hemolysis, whereas decreased Apolipoprotein A1 is linked to inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Yalcinkaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-00670-3","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in the development of insulin resistance and the mechanism underlying polycystic ovary syndrome: A review","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00114.2017","article-title":"Gut microbiome may contribute to insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in obese rodents: A meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Jiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.04.016","article-title":"Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota (DOGMA)\u2014A novel theory for the development of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Tremellen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotterdam Eshre\/Asrm-Sponsored Pcos Consensus Workshop Group (2004). Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 81, 19\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, A.W., Kazemi, M., Jarrett, B.Y., Vanden Brink, H., Hoeger, K.M., Spandorfer, S.D., and Lujan, M.E. (2019). Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome per the New International Evidence-Based Guideline. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112711"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 8\u201311 December 2008, WHO. 9241501499."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5799\/ahinjs.01.2011.02.0005","article-title":"The comparison of free androgen index and serum free testosterone levels in women with hirsutism or polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Erden","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"129","article-title":"Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.04.043","article-title":"Obesity, weight loss, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: Effect of treatment with diet and orlistat for 24 weeks on insulin resistance and androgen levels","volume":"89","author":"Panidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09524-w","article-title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight and metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S24221","article-title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on metabolic markers, body composition, and dietary intake in Emiratis of Ajman (UAE) with metabolic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Sadiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.171","article-title":"The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: A randomized trial in young overweight women","volume":"35","author":"Harvie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02909.x","article-title":"Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Kiddy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polak, A.M., Adamska, A., Krentowska, A., \u0141ebkowska, A., Hryniewicka, J., Adamski, M., and Kowalska, I. (2020). Body Composition, Serum Concentrations of Androgens and Insulin Resistance in Different Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030732"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polak, A.M., Krentowska, A., \u0141ebkowska, A., Buczy\u0144ska, A., Adamski, M., Adamska-Patruno, E., Fiedorczuk, J., Kr\u0119towski, A.J., Kowalska, I., and Adamska, A. (2020). The Association of Serum Levels of Leptin and Ghrelin with the Dietary Fat Content in Non-Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092753"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des463","article-title":"Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin resistance on euglycaemic-hyperinsulaemic clamp","volume":"28","author":"Stepto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12527","article-title":"Evaluation of biochemical, endocrine, and metabolic biomarkers for the early diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome among non-obese Saudi women","volume":"142","author":"Daghestani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.08.012","article-title":"Energy intake and exercise as determinants of brain health and vulnerability to injury and disease","volume":"16","author":"Mattson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4542","article-title":"Low circulating levels of IGF-1 in healthy adults are associated with reduced \u03b2-cell function, increased intramyocellular lipid, and enhanced fat utilization during fasting","volume":"99","author":"Thankamony","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-015-0183-9","article-title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting on glucose homeostasis and adiponectin levels in healthy adult males","volume":"14","author":"Gnanou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-015-0084-8","article-title":"Study of Human Biochemical Parameters during and After Ramadan","volume":"56","author":"Kiyani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd8034","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd8034","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to isolate the effects of fasting and energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic health in lean adults","volume":"13","author":"Templeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masi, D., Spoltore, M.E., Rossetti, R., Watanabe, M., Tozzi, R., Caputi, A., Risi, R., Balena, A., Gandini, O., and Mariani, S. (2022). The Influence of Ketone Bodies on Circadian Processes Regarding Appetite, Sleep and Hormone Release: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071410"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindheim, L., Bashir, M., M\u00fcnzker, J., Trummer, C., Zachhuber, V., Leber, B., Horvath, A., Pieber, T.R., Gorkiewicz, G., and Stadlbauer, V. (2017). Alterations in gut microbiome composition and barrier function are associated with reproductive and metabolic defects in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168390"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563216653762","article-title":"Calprotectin is a potential prognostic marker for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03801-0","article-title":"Analysis of correlations between gut microbiota, stool short chain fatty acids, calprotectin and cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women with obesity: A cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Kaczmarczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/10\/2260\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:32:16Z","timestamp":1760124736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/10\/2260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15102260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15102260","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]}}}