{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:20:28Z","timestamp":1768548028662,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both hyperprolactinemia and vitamin D deficiency appear to be associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to determine whether vitamin D status influences the cardiometabolic effects of cabergoline. The study included three matched groups of women with mild to moderate hyperprolactinemia: vitamin D-naive subjects with vitamin D insufficiency (group A), women with vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency successfully treated with vitamin D (group B), and vitamin D-naive individuals with normal vitamin D status (group C). Plasma prolactin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, estradiol, glucose homeostasis markers, lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, homocysteine, and uric acid, as well as the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), were measured at study entry and after four months of cabergoline treatment. Although cabergoline reduced prolactin levels and increased estradiol levels in all study groups, the effect on prolactin was more pronounced in groups B and C compared to group A. In groups B and C, the drug enhanced glucose homeostasis, increased HDL-cholesterol, and decreased triglycerides, hsCRP, fibrinogen, homocysteine, uric acid, and UACR. In group A, only insulin resistance, hsCRP, and homocysteine were reduced by cabergoline. The effects on insulin sensitivity, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, hsCRP, fibrinogen, homocysteine, uric acid, and UACR were proportional to the decrease in prolactin and baseline levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The obtained results suggest that vitamin D status determines cabergoline\u2019s cardiometabolic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T02:02:11Z","timestamp":1684116131000},"page":"2303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vitamin D Status Determines Cardiometabolic Effects of Cabergoline in Women with Elevated Prolactin Levels: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Krysiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0674-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Basiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Machnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Szkr\u00f3bka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Okopie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2018.1434412","article-title":"The effects of hyperprolactinemia and its control on metabolic diseases","volume":"13","author":"Auriemma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015520","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1015520","article-title":"Metabolic effects of prolactin","volume":"13","author":"Pirchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2022.0075","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia and insulin resistance","volume":"73","author":"Gierach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00327","article-title":"Glucose abnormalities associated to prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas","volume":"10","author":"Auriemma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-013-0495-z","article-title":"Increased carotid intima media thickness is associated with prolactin levels in subjects with untreated prolactinoma: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-10-0076","article-title":"The prolactin receptor is expressed in macrophages within human carotid atherosclerotic plaques: A role for prolactin in atherogenesis?","volume":"208","author":"Reuwer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490187","article-title":"Endothelial function, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers in hyperprolactinemic premenopausal women","volume":"149","author":"Yavuz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1301","article-title":"Different effects of atorvastatin on cardiometabolic risk factors in young women with and without hyperprolactinemia","volume":"59","author":"Krysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03752.x","article-title":"Blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and lipid profile in patients with prolactinoma","volume":"73","author":"Erem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs233","article-title":"Positive association of serum prolactin concentrations with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"35","author":"Haring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-955090","article-title":"Increased prolactin in acute coronary syndromes as putative co-activator of ADP-stimulated P-selectin expression","volume":"38","author":"Raaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-09-0634","article-title":"Enhanced platelet activation by prolactin in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"96","author":"Wallaschofski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.09.004","article-title":"Different effects of fenofibrate on cardiometabolic risk factors in young women with and without hyperprolactinemia","volume":"71","author":"Krysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000499470","article-title":"Dopamine agonists: From the 1970s to today","volume":"109","author":"Auriemma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00403.x","article-title":"Increased body weight associated with prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas: Weight loss with normalization of prolactin levels","volume":"48","author":"Greenman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0277-9","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in prolactinoma patients before and after normalization of prolactin by dopamine agonist therapy","volume":"14","author":"Berinder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.150","article-title":"BMI and metabolic profile in patients with prolactinoma before and after treatment with dopamine agonists","volume":"19","author":"Barbosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12204","article-title":"Higher doses of cabergoline further improve metabolic parameters in patients with prolactinoma regardless of the degree of reduction in prolactin levels","volume":"79","author":"Ciresi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000357810","article-title":"Effect of cabergoline on metabolism in prolactinomas","volume":"98","author":"Auriemma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12307","article-title":"Different effects of cabergoline and bromocriptine on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with elevated prolactin levels","volume":"116","author":"Krysiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9857-y","article-title":"Effect of cabergoline on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and carotid intima media thickness in patients with prolactinoma","volume":"44","author":"Inancli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0293-4","article-title":"Risks of cardiac valve regurgitation and heart failure associated with ergot- and non-ergot-derived dopamine agonist use in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"29","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09736-7","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Daniel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"144","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular pathology","volume":"90","author":"Podzolkov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ter. Arkh."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Bol\u00edvar, V., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, B., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, C., and Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, M. (2021). Mechanisms involved in the relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance: Impact on clinical practice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103491"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.04.007","article-title":"Evidence for the vitamin D hypothesis: The NHANES III extended mortality follow-up","volume":"25","author":"Daraghmeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2174\/18756212MTA1fMzIz1","article-title":"Vitamin D and vascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Berthold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011793591617","article-title":"Vitamin D in atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and endothelial function","volume":"12","author":"Brewer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melguizo-Rodr\u00edguez, L., Costela-Ruiz, V.J., Garc\u00eda-Recio, E., De Luna-Bertos, E., Ruiz, C., and Illescas-Montes, R. (2021). Role of vitamin D in the metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030830"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13447","article-title":"Vitamin D status determines the impact of metformin on circulating prolactin levels in premenopausal women","volume":"46","author":"Krysiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123041","article-title":"Alternative treatment strategies in women poorly tolerating moderate doses of bromocriptine","volume":"125","author":"Krysiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22593","article-title":"Different cardiometabolic effects of atorvastatin in men with normal vitamin D status and vitamin D insufficiency","volume":"39","author":"Krysiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487313480435","article-title":"Comparative benefits of statins in the primary and secondary prevention of major coronary events and all-cause mortality: A network meta-analysis of placebo-controlled and active-comparator trials","volume":"20","author":"Naci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13428","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D status on cardiometabolic effects of fenofibrate in women with atherogenic dyslipidemia","volume":"48","author":"Krysiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555877","article-title":"The association between macroprolactin levels and vitamin D status in premenopausal women with macroprolactinemia: A pilot study","volume":"123","author":"Krysiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2019.0013","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk factors in young women with macroprolactinaemia","volume":"70","author":"Krysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.126284","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations fluctuate seasonally in young adults of diverse ancestry living in Toronto","volume":"140","author":"Gozdzik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.07.002","article-title":"Determination of prolactin: The macroprolactin problem","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161440.OR","article-title":"Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor-23, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in patients with prolactinoma","volume":"23","author":"Arslan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530317666170609103332","article-title":"5-hydroxyvitamin D correlation with prolactin levels and adenoma size in female patients with newly diagnosed prolactin secreting adenoma","volume":"17","author":"Aboelnaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.03.006","article-title":"The GLUT4 glucose transporter","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101241","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor agonist, bromocriptine, remodels adipose tissue dopaminergic signalling and upregulates catabolic pathways, improving metabolic profile in type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42324","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.407833","article-title":"Vitamin D up-regulates glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and glucose utilization mediated by cystathionine-\u03b3-lyase (CSE) activation and H2S formation in 3T3L1 adipocytes","volume":"287","author":"Manna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9423-2","article-title":"Vitamin D, sub-inflammation and insulin resistance. A window on a potential role for the interaction between bone and glucose metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Garbossa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60826-4","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"376","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.10.016","article-title":"Dopamine receptor DR2 expression in B cells is negatively correlated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"220","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2004.044","article-title":"The phenomenon of regression-toward-the-mean","volume":"42","author":"Haeckel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/10\/2303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:34:36Z","timestamp":1760124876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/10\/2303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15102303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15102303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]}}}