{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:51:25Z","timestamp":1787910685585,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003524","name":"New Zealand\u2019s National Science Challenge, High Value Nutrition (HVN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HVN1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HVN1904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unaccustomed eccentric exercise results in muscle damage limiting physical performance for several days. This study investigated if Greenshell\u2122 mussel (GSM) powder consumption expedited muscle recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Methods: Twenty untrained adult men were recruited into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study and were randomly assigned to receive the GSM powder or placebo treatment first. Participants consumed their allocated intervention for four weeks then completed a bench-stepping exercise that induced muscle damage to the eccentrically exercised leg. Muscle function, soreness and biomarkers of muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation were measured before exercise, immediately after exercise and 24, 48 and 72 h post exercise. GSM powder promoted muscle function recovery, significantly improving (p &lt; 0.05) isometric and concentric peak torque at 48 h and 72 h post exercise, respectively. Participants on the GSM treatment had faster dissipation of soreness, with significant treatment \u00d7 time interactions for affective (p = 0.007) and Visual Analogue Scale-assessed pain (p = 0.018). At 72 h, plasma creatine kinase concentrations in the GSM group were lower (p &lt; 0.05) compared with the placebo group. This study provides evidence for GSM powder being effective in supporting muscle recovery from EIMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:20:13Z","timestamp":1684203613000},"page":"2316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Efficacy of New Zealand Greenshell\u2122 Mussel Powder Supplementation in Supporting Muscle Recovery Following Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Healthy, Untrained Adult Males"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Lomiwes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odette","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayer","family":"Ngametua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5513-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Burr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7522-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Hedderley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6866-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracey","family":"Bear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3501-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry","family":"Bentley-Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nutrition and Health Group, Food Innovation, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Sabrina","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5402-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880060507","article-title":"Large Delayed Plasma Creatine-Kinase Changes after Stepping Exercise","volume":"6","author":"Newham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-1345-0","article-title":"Comparison between leg and arm eccentric exercises of the same relative intensity on indices of muscle damage","volume":"95","author":"Jamurtas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. 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