{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:59:07Z","timestamp":1788573547791,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["2022\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, through UTAR-Research","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, through UTAR-Research","award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, through UTAR-Research","award":["2022\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/2023"]}]},{"name":"MBBS Community Health Project","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"MBBS Community Health Project","award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"]}]},{"name":"MBBS Community Health Project","award":["2022\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/2023"]}]},{"name":"UTAR","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK10\/UTAR\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"UTAR","award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C2\/L08"]}]},{"name":"UTAR","award":["2022\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research background and Objectives: Age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but CVD risk factors are preventable, and lack of awareness of its risk factors is a contributing factor to CVDs. Middle-aged people may be more likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle behaviours which can increase the risk of CVD. Health self-assessment is crucial for early detection and management of health issues and early lifestyle intervention for better personalised health management. This study aims to determine the self-assessment of INTERHEART risk classification among the middle-aged community in Malaysia. Method: Local community members aged 40\u201360 years and who are currently residing in Malaysia were recruited via non-randomised sampling. Sociodemographic characteristics and dietary pattern related to salt, fibre, fat (deep fried\/snacks), poultry\/meat intakes, and other cardiovascular risk factors (waist-hip ratio, medical history related to diabetes\/hypertension, history\/exposure of tobacco use, psychosocial status, and level of physical activity) were assessed; INTERHEART risk scores were then computed and stratified into low, medium and high risks. Results: Approximately 45% (n = 273\/602) of middle-aged respondents in Malaysia are at moderate-to-high risk of cardiovascular events, with men being more likely to develop CVD compared to women. The results of the survey indicated that poultry\/meat intake (61%), physical inactivity (59%), and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure (54%) are the most prevalent risk factors among the respondents. One-third of the respondents consumed excessive salty food and deep fried foods\/snacks\/fast food, and only one-third of them consumed vegetables\/fruits at a recommended level. It is worrying that about a quarter of the respondents felt several periodical\/permanent stresses and even felt sad\/blue\/depressed for two weeks or more in a row. Males, labour workers, and those with lower educational levels are more likely to develop CVD events. Conclusions: This study found that 45% of the middle-aged respondents were having moderate-to-high risk for cardiovascular events with multiple risk factors related to unhealthy lifestyle habits and environmental factors. In addition to non-modifiable factors such as gender and age, sociodemographic factors, i.e., educational level and occupation, are equally important factors to determine CVD risk. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize the clinical relevance of assessing multiple factors in the determination of CVD risks for early prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T09:23:10Z","timestamp":1684488190000},"page":"2382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew-Keah","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang-Lim","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement Heng Yew","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian Cong Hao","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Ling","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing Feng","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yik-Ling","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Bin","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Malaysia (2017). 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Rep."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/10\/2382\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:38:29Z","timestamp":1760125109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/10\/2382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15102382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15102382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}}}