{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:36:08Z","timestamp":1781159768786,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HVD Biotech","award":["23-75-30016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-75-30016"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Vienna","award":["23-75-30016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-75-30016"]}]},{"name":"Danube Allergy Research Cluster program of the Country of Lower Austria","award":["23-75-30016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-75-30016"]}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["23-75-30016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-75-30016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immunoglobulin-E(IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity to cow\u2019s milk allergens is a frequent cause of severe and life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. Besides case histories and controlled food challenges, the detection of the IgE antibodies specific to cow\u2019s milk allergens is important for the diagnosis of cow-milk-specific IgE sensitization. Cow\u00b4s milk allergen molecules provide useful information for the refined detection of cow-milk-specific IgE sensitization. Methods: A micro-array based on ImmunoCAP ISAC technology was developed and designated milk allergen micro-array (MAMA), containing a complete panel of purified natural and recombinant cow\u2019s milk allergens (caseins, \u03b1-lactalbumin, \u03b2-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin-BSA and lactoferrin), recombinant BSA fragments, and \u03b1-casein-, \u03b1-lactalbumin- and \u03b2-lactoglobulin-derived synthetic peptides. Sera from 80 children with confirmed symptoms related to cow\u2019s milk intake (without anaphylaxis: n = 39; anaphylaxis with a Sampson grade of 1\u20133: n = 21; and anaphylaxis with a Sampson grade of 4\u20135: n = 20) were studied. The alterations in the specific IgE levels were analyzed in a subgroup of eleven patients, i.e., five who did not and six who did acquire natural tolerance. Results: The use of MAMA allowed a component-resolved diagnosis of IgE sensitization in each of the children suffering from cow\u2019s-milk-related anaphylaxis according to Sampson grades 1\u20135 requiring only 20\u201330 microliters of serum. IgE sensitization to caseins and casein-derived peptides was found in each of the children with Sampson grades of 4\u20135. Among the grade 1\u20133 patients, nine patients showed negative reactivity to caseins but showed IgE reactivity to alpha-lactalbumin (n = 7) or beta-lactoglobulin (n = 2). For certain children, an IgE sensitization to cryptic peptide epitopes without detectable allergen-specific IgE was found. Twenty-four children with cow-milk-specific anaphylaxis showed additional IgE sensitizations to BSA, but they were all sensitized to either caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, or beta-lactoglobulin. A total of 17 of the 39 children without anaphylaxis lacked specific IgE reactivity to any of the tested components. The children developing tolerance showed a reduction in allergen and\/or peptide-specific IgE levels, whereas those remaining sensitive did not. Conclusions: The use of MAMA allows for the detection, using only a few microliters of serum, of IgE sensitization to multiple cow\u2019s milk allergens and allergen-derived peptides in cow-milk-allergic children with cow-milk-related anaphylaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:00:27Z","timestamp":1684720827000},"page":"2401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Milk Allergen Micro-Array (MAMA) for Refined Detection of Cow\u2019s-Milk-Specific IgE Sensitization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Garib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"International Center of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovation Development, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4305-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Trifonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphaela","family":"Freidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Linhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schlederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4037-4421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Douladiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Pampura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics Named after Yuri Veltischev at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Dolotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Lepeshkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Faculty Therapy, Endocrinology, Allergology and Immunology, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maia","family":"Gotua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Immunology, 123182 Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Varlamov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics Named after Yuri Veltischev at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Beltyukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Faculty Therapy, Endocrinology, Allergology and Immunology, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Naumova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Faculty Therapy, Endocrinology, Allergology and Immunology, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7607-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Styliani","family":"Taka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Kiyamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovation Development, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefani","family":"Katsamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovation Development, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1930-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Karaulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Valenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000823","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk allergy","volume":"22","author":"Arasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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