{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:29:14Z","timestamp":1791325754151,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This review aims to identify the current indications and gaps in the management of fat-soluble vitamins in pediatric patients with cholestasis. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase was performed. Two authors independently identified the most relevant studies published over the past 20 years up to February 2022, including original papers, narrative reviews, observational studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The literature was screened, and preclinical studies about pathogenetic mechanisms were also included. Keywords searched for each fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E and K), alone or in combination, were \u201ccholestasis\u201d, \u201cchronic liver disease\u201d, \u201cbiliary atresia\u201d, \u201cmalnutrition\u201d and \u201cnutritional needs\u201d. Studies published prior to the selected time range were searched manually and, when considered relevant, included within the list of references. Results: Eight hundred twenty-six articles were initially screened. From these, 48 studies were selected. A comparison of the recommended methods of supplementation for fat-soluble vitamins was then carried out. The causes of malabsorption were explained and current methods for defining deficiency and monitoring complications were summarized. Conclusions: According to the literature, children with cholestasis are at a higher risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. Although there are general recommendations, the treatment for vitamin deficiency is not uniformly validated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:16:04Z","timestamp":1685204164000},"page":"2491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fat-Soluble Vitamins Deficiency in Pediatric Cholestasis: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Degrassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6155-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Di Profio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Verduci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000547","article-title":"Total Serum Bilirubin Predicts Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency Better than Serum Bile Acids in Infants with Biliary Atresia","volume":"59","author":"Venkat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032009000100016","article-title":"Nutritional Status of Patients with Biliary Atresia and Autoimmune Hepatitis Related to Serum Levels of Vitamins A, D and E","volume":"46","author":"Saron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.10.005","article-title":"Fat Soluble Vitamins Deficiency in Pediatric Chronic Liver Disease: The Impact of Liver Transplantation","volume":"52","author":"Veraldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31825c9732","article-title":"Oral Absorbable Fat-Soluble Vitamin Formulation in Pediatric Patients with Cholestasis","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612474043","article-title":"Nutrition Assessment and Support in Children with End-Stage Liver Disease","volume":"28","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7496860","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7496860","article-title":"Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency in Pediatric Patients with Biliary Atresia","volume":"2017","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Walker, A., Watkins, J., and Duggan, C. (2003). Nutrition in Pediatrics, BC Decker. [3rd ed.]. Chapter 40."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchy, F.J., Sokol, R.J., Balistreri, W.F., Bezerra, J.A., Mack, C.L., and Shneider, B.L. (2021). Liver Disease in Children, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108918978"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e607","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1423","article-title":"Efficacy of Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation in Infants with Biliary Atresia","volume":"130","author":"Shneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.14-2-e63","article-title":"Neonatal Cholestasis","volume":"14","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neoreviews"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2007.00792.x","article-title":"Guidelines for Nutritional Care for Infants with Cholestatic Liver Disease before Liver Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"137","article-title":"Nutritional Management of Cholestatic Syndromes in Childhood","volume":"66","author":"Socha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Nestl\u00e9"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2017.11.010","article-title":"Evaluation of Vitamin D Status Bone Mineral Density and Dental Health in Children with Cholestasis","volume":"42","author":"Samra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610374198","article-title":"Update in Pediatrics: Focus on Fat-Soluble Vitamins","volume":"25","author":"Sathe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tessitore, M., Sorrentino, E., Schiano Di Cola, G., Colucci, A., Vajro, P., and Mandato, C. (2021). Malnutrition in Pediatric Chronic Cholestatic Disease: An Up-to-Date Overview. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082785"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.H., Perumpail, B.J., Yoo, E.R., Ahmed, A., and Kerner, J.A. (2017). Nutritional Needs and Support for Children with Chronic Liver Disease. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101127"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20864","article-title":"Comparison of Indices of Vitamin A Status in Children with Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"42","author":"Feranchak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.2.286","article-title":"Vitamin A Relative Dose Response Test: Validation by Intravenous Injection in Children with Liver Disease","volume":"46","author":"Mourey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050614","article-title":"Biochemical Indicators of Vitamin A Depletion in Children with Cholestasis","volume":"5","author":"Furr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.12.001","article-title":"Vitamin D Status: Measurement, Interpretation, and Clinical Application","volume":"19","author":"Holick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.06.005","article-title":"Optimizing Nutritional Management in Children with Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"56","author":"Nightingale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830100003","article-title":"Bone Density and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level in Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia","volume":"17","author":"Chongsrisawat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2018.03.011","article-title":"Vitamin D Non-Sufficiency Is Prevalent in Children with Chronic Liver Disease in a Tropical Country","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002896","article-title":"Impaired Bone Health in Children With Biliary Atresia","volume":"71","author":"Ruuska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"482","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets in Children with Cholestasis in Iran","volume":"50","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2223\/JPED.1027","article-title":"Blood levels of vitamin D in children and adolescents with chronic cholestasis","volume":"79","author":"Bastos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001074","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels in Infants With Biliary Atresia: Pre- and Post-Kasai Portoenterostomy","volume":"62","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02765.x","article-title":"Impairment of Bone Mass Development in Children with Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease","volume":"66","author":"Fernandes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200206150-00015","article-title":"Bone Mineral Density and Height Gain in Children with Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease Undergoing Transplantation","volume":"73","author":"Moniz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"19","article-title":"Bone Mineral Metabolism in Children with Biliary Atresia after Living Related Liver Transplantation. Evaluation of Selected Parameters","volume":"12","author":"Teisseyre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.50038","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Liver Transplantation on Bone Mineral Density in Children with End-Stage Liver Disease: A 2-Year Prospective Study","volume":"9","author":"Okajima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.04.100","article-title":"Beneficial Effect of Liver Transplantation on Bone Mineral Density in Small Infants with Cholestasis","volume":"36","author":"Matusik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.6.1151","article-title":"Bone Mineral Content in Infants and Children with Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease","volume":"91","author":"Argao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002443","article-title":"Nutrition Support of Children With Chronic Liver Diseases: A Joint Position Paper of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition","volume":"69","author":"Mouzaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83303-7","article-title":"Single-Day Therapy for Nutritional Vitamin D-Deficiency Rickets: A Preferred Method","volume":"125","author":"Shah","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2012.08.007","article-title":"Single High-Dose Oral Vitamin D3 (Stoss) Therapy--a Solution to Vitamin D Deficiency in Children with Cystic Fibrosis?","volume":"12","author":"Shepherd","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000751","article-title":"Difficulty Achieving Vitamin D Sufficiency with High-Dose Oral Repletion Therapy in Infants with Cholestasis","volume":"61","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3123-0","article-title":"Weekly Regimen of Vitamin D Supplementation Is More Efficacious than Stoss Regimen for Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children with Chronic Liver Diseases","volume":"177","author":"Lal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199202000-00011","article-title":"D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol-1000 Succinate Enhances the Absorption of Vitamin D in Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease of Infancy and Childhood","volume":"31","author":"Argao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405103101901","article-title":"Vitamin E Deficiency with Normal Serum Vitamin E Concentrations in Children with Chronic Cholestasis","volume":"310","author":"Sokol","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90652-S","article-title":"Multicenter Trial of D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate for Treatment of Vitamin E Deficiency in Children with Chronic Cholestasis","volume":"104","author":"Sokol","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199702000-00013","article-title":"Treatment of Cholestatic Children with Water-Soluble Vitamin E (\u03b1-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate): Effects on Serum Vitamin E, Lipid Peroxides, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids","volume":"24","author":"Socha","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"14","article-title":"Supplementation of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate in children with chronic cholestasis and vitamin E deficiency","volume":"61","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80087-0","article-title":"Mechanism Causing Vitamin E Deficiency during Chronic Childhood Cholestasis","volume":"85","author":"Sokol","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200102000-00017","article-title":"Standard Treatment of Alpha-Tocopherol in Alagille Patients with Severe Cholestasis Is Insufficient","volume":"49","author":"Cosson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198512193132505","article-title":"Improved Neurologic Function after Long-Term Correction of Vitamin E Deficiency in Children with Chronic Cholestasis","volume":"313","author":"Sokol","year":"1985","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90559-2","article-title":"Treatment of Vitamin E Deficiency during Chronic Childhood Cholestasis with Oral D-\u03b1-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol-1000 Succinate","volume":"93","author":"Sokol","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"S1199","article-title":"Effect of Oral Vitamin E Supplementation in Children with Cholestasis","volume":"85","author":"Roongpraiwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2009.01027.x","article-title":"Bioavailability of Oral Vitamin E Formulations in Adult Volunteers and Children with Chronic Cholestasis or Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2023, March 01). EMA Meeting Highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products Human Use (CHMP) 8\u201311 November 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/meeting-highlights-committee-medicinal-products-human-use-chmp-8-11-november-2021."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001331","article-title":"Oral Tocofersolan Corrects or Prevents Vitamin E Deficiency in Children With Chronic Cholestasis","volume":"63","author":"Nemeth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, S., and Shirahata, A. (2020). Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Infancy. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030780"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000189327.47150.58","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin K Deficiency in Children with Mild to Moderate Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"42","author":"Mager","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31819a61ff","article-title":"Prevalence of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency in Cholestatic Liver Disease","volume":"49","author":"Strople","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001232","article-title":"Prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Newborn Infants: A Position Paper by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition","volume":"63","author":"Mihatsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2008.06.001","article-title":"Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB) in Early Infancy","volume":"23","author":"Shearer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.1.2","article-title":"Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency","volume":"85","author":"Primhak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"503","article-title":"Vitamin K deficiency bleeding: A case secondary to transient neonatal cholestasis","volume":"20","author":"Oudyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Nutrition (1961). Report of Committee on Nutrition: Vitamin K Compounds and the Water-Soluble Analogues. Pediatrics, 28, 501\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.28.3.501"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2023, March 01). NICHD Study Supports AAP Vitamin K Policy|AAP News|American Academy of Pediatrics. Available online: https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/aapnews\/article-abstract\/9\/11\/2\/25601\/NICHD-study-supports-AAP-vitamin-K-policy?redirectedFrom=fulltext."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn (2003). American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn Controversies Concerning Vitamin K and the Newborn. Pediatrics, 112, 191\u2013192.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.191"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0443-x","article-title":"Incidence of Late Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Newborns in the Netherlands in 2005: Evaluation of the Current Guideline","volume":"167","author":"Ijland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182421878","article-title":"Intracranial Hemorrhage Associated with Vitamin K-Deficiency Bleeding in Patients with Biliary Atresia: Focus on Long-Term Outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Alatas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-0965-5","article-title":"Intracranial Hemorrhages and Late Hemorrhagic Disease Associated Cholestatic Liver Disease","volume":"34","author":"Per","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-003-1327-3","article-title":"Swiss Paediatric Surveillance Unit Prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding with Oral Mixed Micellar Phylloquinone: Results of a 6-Year Surveillance in Switzerland","volume":"162","author":"Schubiger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1895-1","article-title":"Swiss Paediatric Surveillance Unit (SPSU) Prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding with Three Oral Mixed Micellar Phylloquinone Doses: Results of a 6-Year (2005\u20132011) Surveillance in Switzerland","volume":"172","author":"Laubscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113F","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.2.F113","article-title":"Intestinal Absorption of Mixed Micellar Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) Is Unreliable in Infants with Conjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia: Implications for Oral Prophylaxis of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding","volume":"88","author":"Pereira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109F","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.2.F109","article-title":"Oral Mixed Micellar Vitamin K for Prevention of Late Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding","volume":"88","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e857","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1788","article-title":"Prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Breastfed Infants: Lessons from the Dutch and Danish Biliary Atresia Registries","volume":"121","author":"Kvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154222","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4222","article-title":"Prophylactic Dosing of Vitamin K to Prevent Bleeding","volume":"137","author":"Witt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-301029","article-title":"Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding after NICE Guidance and Withdrawal of Konakion Neonatal: British Paediatric Surveillance Unit Study, 2006\u20132008","volume":"98","author":"Busfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/11\/2491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:43:12Z","timestamp":1760125392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/11\/2491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15112491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15112491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}}}