{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:47:05Z","timestamp":1789696025890,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNMC\/Children\u2019s Hospital Omaha Child Health Research Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for normal fetal development, but the recommendation for maternal dietary intake (Retinol Activity Equivalent, RAE) does not differ for singleton vs. twin pregnancy, despite the limited evaluation of retinol status. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate plasma retinol concentrations and deficiency status in mother\u2013infant sets from singleton vs. twin pregnancies as well as maternal RAE intake. A total of 21 mother\u2013infant sets were included (14 singleton, 7 twin). The HPLC and LC-MS\/HS evaluated the plasma retinol concentration, and data were analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test. Plasma retinol was significantly lower in twin vs. singleton pregnancies in both maternal (192.2 vs. 312.1 vs. mcg\/L, p = 0.002) and umbilical cord (UC) samples (102.5 vs. 154.4 vs. mcg\/L, p = 0.002). The prevalence of serum-defined vitamin A deficiency (VAD) &lt;200.6 mcg\/L was higher in twins vs. singletons for both maternal (57% vs. 7%, p = 0.031) and UC samples (100% vs. 0%, p &lt; 0.001), despite a similar RAE intake (2178 vs. 1862 mcg\/day, p = 0.603). Twin pregnancies demonstrated a higher likelihood of vitamin A deficiency in mothers, with an odds ratio of 17.3 (95% CI: 1.4 to 216.6). This study suggests twin pregnancy may be associated with VAD deficiency. Further research is needed to determine optimal maternal dietary recommendations during twin gestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T02:27:30Z","timestamp":1685500050000},"page":"2553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Plasma Retinol Concentrations and Dietary Intakes of Mother\u2013Infant Sets in Singleton versus Twin Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anum","family":"Akbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Duvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"VanOrmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Slotkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taija","family":"Hahka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9377-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago","family":"Genaro-Mattos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8690-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeljka","family":"Korade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrine","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8496-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Anderson Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Thoene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107942","article-title":"Vitamin A in health care: Suppression of growth and induction of differentiation in cancer cells by vitamin A and its derivatives and their mechanisms of action","volume":"230","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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