{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:17:04Z","timestamp":1785935824171,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Postgraduate Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pre-schoolers are vulnerable to iron deficiency, which, in high-resource countries, is mainly caused by suboptimal or poorly absorbable iron intakes. This review examines the prevalence of inadequate iron intakes and status, and the non-dietary factors associated with these, among children aged between 2 and 5 years within high-income countries. It then considers the quality of the pre-schooler diet in terms of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and iron intakes. Additionally, it discusses the assessment of iron bioavailability and examines the various methods used to estimate the amount of absorbable iron in pre-schooler diets. Knowledge of the adequacy of iron intakes and bioavailability of iron intakes, and dietary patterns associated with iron intakes can facilitate the design and implementation of effectively targeted community-based intervention studies to improve iron intakes and iron bioavailability to minimise the risk of iron deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T02:18:29Z","timestamp":1685931509000},"page":"2616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Iron Nutrition of Pre-Schoolers in High-Income Countries: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8398-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda A.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9029-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison C.","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa A.","family":"Szymlek-Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993\u20132005","volume":"12","author":"McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, and United Nations University (2001). 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